Assessing the spatiotemporal distribution of bufonid herpesvirus 1 (BfHV1) in Europe

Abstract Adverting biodiversity loss is one of the most urgent challenges of our time. The ongoing amphibian extinction crisis is the result of a multitude of factors, with emerging infectious diseases having played a key role. While extensive contributions have been made to study chytrid fungi and...

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Main Authors: Philipp Böning, Tobias Hildwein, Viktoria Ferner, Jonas Henn, Eva Kappe, Jesse Erens, Benjamin Lamp, Tobias Eisenberg, Amadeus Plewnia
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-06-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06460-5
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author Philipp Böning
Tobias Hildwein
Viktoria Ferner
Jonas Henn
Eva Kappe
Jesse Erens
Benjamin Lamp
Tobias Eisenberg
Amadeus Plewnia
author_facet Philipp Böning
Tobias Hildwein
Viktoria Ferner
Jonas Henn
Eva Kappe
Jesse Erens
Benjamin Lamp
Tobias Eisenberg
Amadeus Plewnia
author_sort Philipp Böning
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Adverting biodiversity loss is one of the most urgent challenges of our time. The ongoing amphibian extinction crisis is the result of a multitude of factors, with emerging infectious diseases having played a key role. While extensive contributions have been made to study chytrid fungi and ranaviruses in the last two decades, other amphibian pathogens have remained largely unstudied. Here, we evaluated the spatiotemporal distribution of Bufonid herpesvirus 1 (BfHV1) in Europe, a pathogen capable infecting true toads (family Bufonidae). Using molecular detection and histology, we identified seven new BfHV1 positive sites in Germany and a first record for Luxembourg. Phylogenetic analysis of samples from these sites revealed a monophyletic cluster with the known BfHV1 reference sequences. Through additional systematic examination of photographic records from citizen scientists, we identified 229 BfHV1 cases (62 positive, 167 suspicious) in the genus Bufo (B. bufo, B. spinosus), with suspicious cases being widespread across Europe and dating back until at least 2007. As such, this first continental assessment suggests that BfHV1 has been rather overlooked than being recently emerging. Yet, in view of increasing observations of population declines in bufonids across Europe, additional research is warranted to assess its effects on amphibian populations.
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spelling doaj-art-36be1043f8f0437c8a20e85f263b803f2025-08-20T03:27:11ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-06-011511710.1038/s41598-025-06460-5Assessing the spatiotemporal distribution of bufonid herpesvirus 1 (BfHV1) in EuropePhilipp Böning0Tobias Hildwein1Viktoria Ferner2Jonas Henn3Eva Kappe4Jesse Erens5Benjamin Lamp6Tobias Eisenberg7Amadeus Plewnia8Biogeography Department, Trier UniversityBiogeography Department, Trier UniversityBiogeography Department, Trier UniversityBiogeography Department, Trier UniversityDepartment of pathology, Bavarian Animal Health ServiceBiogeography Department, Trier UniversityInstitute of Virology, Justus Liebig University GiessenHessian State LaboratoryBiogeography Department, Trier UniversityAbstract Adverting biodiversity loss is one of the most urgent challenges of our time. The ongoing amphibian extinction crisis is the result of a multitude of factors, with emerging infectious diseases having played a key role. While extensive contributions have been made to study chytrid fungi and ranaviruses in the last two decades, other amphibian pathogens have remained largely unstudied. Here, we evaluated the spatiotemporal distribution of Bufonid herpesvirus 1 (BfHV1) in Europe, a pathogen capable infecting true toads (family Bufonidae). Using molecular detection and histology, we identified seven new BfHV1 positive sites in Germany and a first record for Luxembourg. Phylogenetic analysis of samples from these sites revealed a monophyletic cluster with the known BfHV1 reference sequences. Through additional systematic examination of photographic records from citizen scientists, we identified 229 BfHV1 cases (62 positive, 167 suspicious) in the genus Bufo (B. bufo, B. spinosus), with suspicious cases being widespread across Europe and dating back until at least 2007. As such, this first continental assessment suggests that BfHV1 has been rather overlooked than being recently emerging. Yet, in view of increasing observations of population declines in bufonids across Europe, additional research is warranted to assess its effects on amphibian populations.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06460-5Wildlife-only diseaseBufonidsBatravirusCitizen scienceAmphibian crisis
spellingShingle Philipp Böning
Tobias Hildwein
Viktoria Ferner
Jonas Henn
Eva Kappe
Jesse Erens
Benjamin Lamp
Tobias Eisenberg
Amadeus Plewnia
Assessing the spatiotemporal distribution of bufonid herpesvirus 1 (BfHV1) in Europe
Scientific Reports
Wildlife-only disease
Bufonids
Batravirus
Citizen science
Amphibian crisis
title Assessing the spatiotemporal distribution of bufonid herpesvirus 1 (BfHV1) in Europe
title_full Assessing the spatiotemporal distribution of bufonid herpesvirus 1 (BfHV1) in Europe
title_fullStr Assessing the spatiotemporal distribution of bufonid herpesvirus 1 (BfHV1) in Europe
title_full_unstemmed Assessing the spatiotemporal distribution of bufonid herpesvirus 1 (BfHV1) in Europe
title_short Assessing the spatiotemporal distribution of bufonid herpesvirus 1 (BfHV1) in Europe
title_sort assessing the spatiotemporal distribution of bufonid herpesvirus 1 bfhv1 in europe
topic Wildlife-only disease
Bufonids
Batravirus
Citizen science
Amphibian crisis
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06460-5
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