A Wearable System for Experimental Knee Pain During Real-World Locomotion: Habituation and Motor Adaptation
We developed a novel, wearable system that couples motion sensing and electrical stimulation in real-time to study motor adaptation in new environments. In two experiments we established key information needed in the development of our system including 1) pain habituation patterns and motor adaptati...
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10838588/ |
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| author | Jesse M. Charlton Liam H. Foulger Calvin Kuo Jean-Sebastien Blouin |
| author_facet | Jesse M. Charlton Liam H. Foulger Calvin Kuo Jean-Sebastien Blouin |
| author_sort | Jesse M. Charlton |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We developed a novel, wearable system that couples motion sensing and electrical stimulation in real-time to study motor adaptation in new environments. In two experiments we established key information needed in the development of our system including 1) pain habituation patterns and motor adaptations to knee pain while walking; 2) a model of electrical stimulation magnitude as a function of pain perception; and 3) gait-phase-dependent modulation of pain intensity. Over three 10-minute walking bouts, we observed significant pain habituation (p<0.001) to the tonic electrical stimuli after 60-210 seconds. However, by interleaving rest periods (10:10 min stimulation to rest), pain intensity returned to initial values at the start of the subsequent walking bouts (p=0.417, p=0.043). Participants also exhibited consistent local motor adaptation to the painful stimuli, consisting of greater knee flexion (1-3 degrees) throughout the gait cycle (sig. comparisons p<0.012) and across the walking bouts. We used the method of constants to quantify the pain intensity-stimulation magnitude relationship over 400 stimuli. A linear model fit the data well for intensities >1/10, though a piecewise linear (Adj R<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{{2}} =0.874$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) or exponential model (Adj R<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{{2}} =0.869$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) was required to fit the perception data across the stimulus intensity range (0-5/10). Finally, participants did not report gait-phase-dependent modulation of pain intensity while walking with tonic electrical stimulation. Our wearable system supports new motor adaptation experiments in novel contexts not previously possible. These results show the system induces localized pain perceptions and motor adaptations in complex movements (walking) while providing guidelines to structure future experimental pain studies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3668c2c2240d47a391be49e5c6821265 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1534-4320 1558-0210 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-3668c2c2240d47a391be49e5c68212652025-01-21T00:00:12ZengIEEEIEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering1534-43201558-02102025-01-013344145210.1109/TNSRE.2025.352891010838588A Wearable System for Experimental Knee Pain During Real-World Locomotion: Habituation and Motor AdaptationJesse M. Charlton0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4709-7666Liam H. Foulger1https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4269-3858Calvin Kuo2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8401-9136Jean-Sebastien Blouin3School of Biomedical Engineering and the School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CanadaSchool of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, CanadaCenter for Aging SMART, Vancouver, BC, CanadaCenter for Aging SMART, Vancouver, BC, CanadaWe developed a novel, wearable system that couples motion sensing and electrical stimulation in real-time to study motor adaptation in new environments. In two experiments we established key information needed in the development of our system including 1) pain habituation patterns and motor adaptations to knee pain while walking; 2) a model of electrical stimulation magnitude as a function of pain perception; and 3) gait-phase-dependent modulation of pain intensity. Over three 10-minute walking bouts, we observed significant pain habituation (p<0.001) to the tonic electrical stimuli after 60-210 seconds. However, by interleaving rest periods (10:10 min stimulation to rest), pain intensity returned to initial values at the start of the subsequent walking bouts (p=0.417, p=0.043). Participants also exhibited consistent local motor adaptation to the painful stimuli, consisting of greater knee flexion (1-3 degrees) throughout the gait cycle (sig. comparisons p<0.012) and across the walking bouts. We used the method of constants to quantify the pain intensity-stimulation magnitude relationship over 400 stimuli. A linear model fit the data well for intensities >1/10, though a piecewise linear (Adj R<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{{2}} =0.874$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) or exponential model (Adj R<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{{2}} =0.869$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) was required to fit the perception data across the stimulus intensity range (0-5/10). Finally, participants did not report gait-phase-dependent modulation of pain intensity while walking with tonic electrical stimulation. Our wearable system supports new motor adaptation experiments in novel contexts not previously possible. These results show the system induces localized pain perceptions and motor adaptations in complex movements (walking) while providing guidelines to structure future experimental pain studies.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10838588/Experimental painmotor adaptationhabituation |
| spellingShingle | Jesse M. Charlton Liam H. Foulger Calvin Kuo Jean-Sebastien Blouin A Wearable System for Experimental Knee Pain During Real-World Locomotion: Habituation and Motor Adaptation IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering Experimental pain motor adaptation habituation |
| title | A Wearable System for Experimental Knee Pain During Real-World Locomotion: Habituation and Motor Adaptation |
| title_full | A Wearable System for Experimental Knee Pain During Real-World Locomotion: Habituation and Motor Adaptation |
| title_fullStr | A Wearable System for Experimental Knee Pain During Real-World Locomotion: Habituation and Motor Adaptation |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Wearable System for Experimental Knee Pain During Real-World Locomotion: Habituation and Motor Adaptation |
| title_short | A Wearable System for Experimental Knee Pain During Real-World Locomotion: Habituation and Motor Adaptation |
| title_sort | wearable system for experimental knee pain during real world locomotion habituation and motor adaptation |
| topic | Experimental pain motor adaptation habituation |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10838588/ |
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