From Citrus to Clinic: Limonene’s Journey Through Preclinical Research, Clinical Trials, and Formulation Innovations

Sanshita,1 Naina Devi,1 Bidisha Bhattacharya,1 Ankita Sharma,1 Inderbir Singh,1 Pradeep Kumar,2,3 Kampanart Huanbutta,4 Tanikan Sangnim5 1Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, India; 2Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmac...

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Main Authors: - S, Devi N, Bhattacharya B, Sharma A, Singh I, Kumar P, Huanbutta K, Sangnim T
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Dove Medical Press 2025-04-01
Series:International Journal of Nanomedicine
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Online Access:https://www.dovepress.com/from-citrus-to-clinic-limonenes-journey-through-preclinical-research-c-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJN
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author - S
Devi N
Bhattacharya B
Sharma A
Singh I
Kumar P
Huanbutta K
Sangnim T
author_facet - S
Devi N
Bhattacharya B
Sharma A
Singh I
Kumar P
Huanbutta K
Sangnim T
author_sort - S
collection DOAJ
description Sanshita,1 Naina Devi,1 Bidisha Bhattacharya,1 Ankita Sharma,1 Inderbir Singh,1 Pradeep Kumar,2,3 Kampanart Huanbutta,4 Tanikan Sangnim5 1Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, India; 2Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; 3Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Haryana, India; 4Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, Thailand; 5Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, ThailandCorrespondence: Tanikan Sangnim, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, 169, Seansook, Muang, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand, Email tanikan@go.buu.ac.thAbstract: Limonene is a naturally occurring monoterpene found in oranges, lemons, grapefruit, fennel, and caraway, and is a part of essential oils of different plants. It has caught the eye of the research community owing to its innumerable health benefits. It exhibits significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, antidiabetic, anticancer, and immunomodulatory activities. These activities of limonene render it an indispensable compound in both traditional and modern medicine. This article presents a thorough compilation of the various therapeutic activities of limonene and the mechanisms underlying them. Furthermore, it delves into an in-depth discussion of the role of nanoformulations and novel drug delivery systems in ensuring the targeted delivery of limonene. To substantiate the safety and efficacy of limonene, a large number of preclinical and clinical studies have been conducted by researchers have also been discussed in detail in this review. Limonene is an unparalleled terpenoid with numerous therapeutic benefits. Incorporating it into sophisticated drug delivery systems and medical devices, together with personalised medicine strategies, signifies notable progress in its therapeutic use. Technologies, such as 3D printing, nanoformulations, and microneedles, can improve the ability of limonene to be absorbed by the body and targeted to specific areas. Keywords: limonene, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, preclinical studies, clinical studies, formulations, nanoparticles
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spelling doaj-art-35f6a085b1f0445bbdea12f1381c8ea62025-08-20T03:05:25ZengDove Medical PressInternational Journal of Nanomedicine1178-20132025-04-01Volume 2044334460101988From Citrus to Clinic: Limonene’s Journey Through Preclinical Research, Clinical Trials, and Formulation Innovations- SDevi NBhattacharya BSharma ASingh IKumar PHuanbutta KSangnim TSanshita,1 Naina Devi,1 Bidisha Bhattacharya,1 Ankita Sharma,1 Inderbir Singh,1 Pradeep Kumar,2,3 Kampanart Huanbutta,4 Tanikan Sangnim5 1Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, India; 2Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; 3Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Haryana, India; 4Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, Thailand; 5Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, ThailandCorrespondence: Tanikan Sangnim, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, 169, Seansook, Muang, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand, Email tanikan@go.buu.ac.thAbstract: Limonene is a naturally occurring monoterpene found in oranges, lemons, grapefruit, fennel, and caraway, and is a part of essential oils of different plants. It has caught the eye of the research community owing to its innumerable health benefits. It exhibits significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, antidiabetic, anticancer, and immunomodulatory activities. These activities of limonene render it an indispensable compound in both traditional and modern medicine. This article presents a thorough compilation of the various therapeutic activities of limonene and the mechanisms underlying them. Furthermore, it delves into an in-depth discussion of the role of nanoformulations and novel drug delivery systems in ensuring the targeted delivery of limonene. To substantiate the safety and efficacy of limonene, a large number of preclinical and clinical studies have been conducted by researchers have also been discussed in detail in this review. Limonene is an unparalleled terpenoid with numerous therapeutic benefits. Incorporating it into sophisticated drug delivery systems and medical devices, together with personalised medicine strategies, signifies notable progress in its therapeutic use. Technologies, such as 3D printing, nanoformulations, and microneedles, can improve the ability of limonene to be absorbed by the body and targeted to specific areas. Keywords: limonene, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, preclinical studies, clinical studies, formulations, nanoparticleshttps://www.dovepress.com/from-citrus-to-clinic-limonenes-journey-through-preclinical-research-c-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJNlimoneneantioxidantanti-inflammatoryantidiabeticanticancerpreclinical studiesclinical studiesformulationsnanoparticles
spellingShingle - S
Devi N
Bhattacharya B
Sharma A
Singh I
Kumar P
Huanbutta K
Sangnim T
From Citrus to Clinic: Limonene’s Journey Through Preclinical Research, Clinical Trials, and Formulation Innovations
International Journal of Nanomedicine
limonene
antioxidant
anti-inflammatory
antidiabetic
anticancer
preclinical studies
clinical studies
formulations
nanoparticles
title From Citrus to Clinic: Limonene’s Journey Through Preclinical Research, Clinical Trials, and Formulation Innovations
title_full From Citrus to Clinic: Limonene’s Journey Through Preclinical Research, Clinical Trials, and Formulation Innovations
title_fullStr From Citrus to Clinic: Limonene’s Journey Through Preclinical Research, Clinical Trials, and Formulation Innovations
title_full_unstemmed From Citrus to Clinic: Limonene’s Journey Through Preclinical Research, Clinical Trials, and Formulation Innovations
title_short From Citrus to Clinic: Limonene’s Journey Through Preclinical Research, Clinical Trials, and Formulation Innovations
title_sort from citrus to clinic limonene rsquo s journey through preclinical research clinical trials and formulation innovations
topic limonene
antioxidant
anti-inflammatory
antidiabetic
anticancer
preclinical studies
clinical studies
formulations
nanoparticles
url https://www.dovepress.com/from-citrus-to-clinic-limonenes-journey-through-preclinical-research-c-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJN
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