Evaluating Water Infiltration and Runoff: Stretcher Bond vs. 45° Herringbone Patterns in Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavements
Pavement deterioration is often the result of intense traffic and increased runoff from storms, floods, or other environmental factors. A practical solution to this challenge involves the use of permeable pavements, such as permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP), which are designed to effec...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Mohammed Al-Fatlawi Fatima Muslim Hadi Baneen M. H. Al-khafaji Sally Selan Hussein Tamar Maitham Al-Asedi Maryam M. Al-Aarajy Ashraf Anwar Al-Khazraji Tameem Mohammed Hashim Ali Shubbar Mohammed Salah Nasr Thair J. Alfatlawi |
| author_facet | Mohammed Al-Fatlawi Fatima Muslim Hadi Baneen M. H. Al-khafaji Sally Selan Hussein Tamar Maitham Al-Asedi Maryam M. Al-Aarajy Ashraf Anwar Al-Khazraji Tameem Mohammed Hashim Ali Shubbar Mohammed Salah Nasr Thair J. Alfatlawi |
| author_sort | Mohammed Al-Fatlawi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Pavement deterioration is often the result of intense traffic and increased runoff from storms, floods, or other environmental factors. A practical solution to this challenge involves the use of permeable pavements, such as permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP), which are designed to effectively manage water runoff while supporting heavy traffic. This research investigates the effectiveness of PICP in two distinct surface patterns: stretcher bond and 45° herringbone, by assessing their performance in terms of water infiltration and runoff using two different methods. The first approach has been conducted experimentally using a laboratory apparatus designed to simulate rainfall. Various conditions were applied during the performance tests, including longitudinal (L-<sub>Slope</sub>) and transverse (T-<sub>Slope</sub>) slopes of (0, 2, and 4%) and rainfall intensities of (40 and 80 L/min). The second approach has been implemented theoretically using Surfer 2.0 software to simulate the distribution of infiltrated water underneath the layers of PICP. Moreover, the behavior of PICP has been analyzed statistically using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The results indicated that at a rainfall intensity of 40 L/min, equal infiltration was observed in both patterns on 0% and 4% T-<sub>Slope</sub>. However, the 45° herringbone PICP showed better infiltration on the 8% T-<sub>Slope</sub>. Additionally, at 80 L/min rainfall, equal infiltration was observed in both patterns on 0% L-<sub>Slope</sub> for 0% and 4% T-<sub>Slope</sub>. The 45° herringbone PICP also demonstrated higher water infiltration on the 8% T-<sub>Slope</sub>, and this trend continued as the L-<sub>Slope</sub> increased. PICP with a 45° herringbone surface pattern exhibited superiority in reducing runoff compared to the stretcher bond pattern. The statistical models for the stretcher bond and 45° herringbone patterns demonstrate high accuracy, as evidenced by their correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) values of 99.97% and 97.32%, respectively, which confirms their validity. Despite the variations between the two forms of PICP, both are strongly endorsed as excellent alternatives to conventional pavement. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-35eb035fead546dc9302fa7d785f7190 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2673-4109 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| series | CivilEng |
| spelling | doaj-art-35eb035fead546dc9302fa7d785f71902025-08-20T02:24:21ZengMDPI AGCivilEng2673-41092025-05-01622410.3390/civileng6020024Evaluating Water Infiltration and Runoff: Stretcher Bond vs. 45° Herringbone Patterns in Permeable Interlocking Concrete PavementsMohammed Al-Fatlawi0Fatima Muslim Hadi1Baneen M. H. Al-khafaji2Sally Selan Hussein3Tamar Maitham Al-Asedi4Maryam M. Al-Aarajy5Ashraf Anwar Al-Khazraji6Tameem Mohammed Hashim7Ali Shubbar8Mohammed Salah Nasr9Thair J. Alfatlawi10Building and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Engineering Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon 51001, IraqBuilding and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Engineering Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon 51001, IraqBuilding and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Engineering Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon 51001, IraqBuilding and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Engineering Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon 51001, IraqBuilding and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Engineering Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon 51001, IraqBuilding and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Engineering Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon 51001, IraqBuilding and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Engineering Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon 51001, IraqBuilding and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Engineering Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon 51001, IraqSchool of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5UX, UKDepartment of Architecture Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, IraqDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Hillah 51001, IraqPavement deterioration is often the result of intense traffic and increased runoff from storms, floods, or other environmental factors. A practical solution to this challenge involves the use of permeable pavements, such as permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP), which are designed to effectively manage water runoff while supporting heavy traffic. This research investigates the effectiveness of PICP in two distinct surface patterns: stretcher bond and 45° herringbone, by assessing their performance in terms of water infiltration and runoff using two different methods. The first approach has been conducted experimentally using a laboratory apparatus designed to simulate rainfall. Various conditions were applied during the performance tests, including longitudinal (L-<sub>Slope</sub>) and transverse (T-<sub>Slope</sub>) slopes of (0, 2, and 4%) and rainfall intensities of (40 and 80 L/min). The second approach has been implemented theoretically using Surfer 2.0 software to simulate the distribution of infiltrated water underneath the layers of PICP. Moreover, the behavior of PICP has been analyzed statistically using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The results indicated that at a rainfall intensity of 40 L/min, equal infiltration was observed in both patterns on 0% and 4% T-<sub>Slope</sub>. However, the 45° herringbone PICP showed better infiltration on the 8% T-<sub>Slope</sub>. Additionally, at 80 L/min rainfall, equal infiltration was observed in both patterns on 0% L-<sub>Slope</sub> for 0% and 4% T-<sub>Slope</sub>. The 45° herringbone PICP also demonstrated higher water infiltration on the 8% T-<sub>Slope</sub>, and this trend continued as the L-<sub>Slope</sub> increased. PICP with a 45° herringbone surface pattern exhibited superiority in reducing runoff compared to the stretcher bond pattern. The statistical models for the stretcher bond and 45° herringbone patterns demonstrate high accuracy, as evidenced by their correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) values of 99.97% and 97.32%, respectively, which confirms their validity. Despite the variations between the two forms of PICP, both are strongly endorsed as excellent alternatives to conventional pavement.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4109/6/2/24stretcher bond pattern45° herringbone patternspermeable interlocking concrete pavementrunoff waterartificial neural networks (ANNs) |
| spellingShingle | Mohammed Al-Fatlawi Fatima Muslim Hadi Baneen M. H. Al-khafaji Sally Selan Hussein Tamar Maitham Al-Asedi Maryam M. Al-Aarajy Ashraf Anwar Al-Khazraji Tameem Mohammed Hashim Ali Shubbar Mohammed Salah Nasr Thair J. Alfatlawi Evaluating Water Infiltration and Runoff: Stretcher Bond vs. 45° Herringbone Patterns in Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavements CivilEng stretcher bond pattern 45° herringbone patterns permeable interlocking concrete pavement runoff water artificial neural networks (ANNs) |
| title | Evaluating Water Infiltration and Runoff: Stretcher Bond vs. 45° Herringbone Patterns in Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavements |
| title_full | Evaluating Water Infiltration and Runoff: Stretcher Bond vs. 45° Herringbone Patterns in Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavements |
| title_fullStr | Evaluating Water Infiltration and Runoff: Stretcher Bond vs. 45° Herringbone Patterns in Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavements |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluating Water Infiltration and Runoff: Stretcher Bond vs. 45° Herringbone Patterns in Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavements |
| title_short | Evaluating Water Infiltration and Runoff: Stretcher Bond vs. 45° Herringbone Patterns in Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavements |
| title_sort | evaluating water infiltration and runoff stretcher bond vs 45° herringbone patterns in permeable interlocking concrete pavements |
| topic | stretcher bond pattern 45° herringbone patterns permeable interlocking concrete pavement runoff water artificial neural networks (ANNs) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4109/6/2/24 |
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