Hydrodynamic exposure – on the quest to deriving quantitative metrics for mariculture sites
This work attempts to define metrics for hydrodynamic exposure, using known oceanographic variables to provide a universal site assessment method for mariculture structures. Understanding environmental conditions driving open-ocean mariculture siting is crucial in establishing consistent ocean gover...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Aquaculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/faquc.2024.1388280/full |
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| author | Oliver Lojek Nils Goseberg Nils Goseberg Heidi Moe Føre Tobias Dewhurst Thea Bölker Kevin Gerald Heasman Bela H. Buck Bela H. Buck David W. Fredriksson Samuel Rickerich |
| author_facet | Oliver Lojek Nils Goseberg Nils Goseberg Heidi Moe Føre Tobias Dewhurst Thea Bölker Kevin Gerald Heasman Bela H. Buck Bela H. Buck David W. Fredriksson Samuel Rickerich |
| author_sort | Oliver Lojek |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This work attempts to define metrics for hydrodynamic exposure, using known oceanographic variables to provide a universal site assessment method for mariculture structures. Understanding environmental conditions driving open-ocean mariculture siting is crucial in establishing consistent ocean governance, minimizing adverse environmental impacts, and facilitating economically sustainable farm operations. To provide a metric of oceanic conditions and associated requirements for structural design and operation of aquaculture systems, six Exposure Indices (EI) are proposed that consider physical energy levels related to hydrodynamic forces at a site. Four of the proposed indices consider only environmental conditions, while the other two also consider the dimensions of the gear that is exposed to the external loads. These indices are: Exposure Velocity (EV), Exposure Velocity at Reference Depth (EVRD), Specific Exposure Energy (SEE), Depth-integrated Energy Flux (DEF), Structure-centered Depth-integrated Energy (SDE), and a Structure-centered Drag-to-Buoyancy Ratio (SDBR). While these indices are derived with a focus on aquaculture structures, they may also have applications for estimating biological stressors and operational challenges. The proposed exposure indices were evaluated for a range of known aquaculture sites around the world. A sensitivity analysis was conducted that quantified the relationship between the exposure indices and storm event return period. At a regional scale, hindcast numerical data for the German Bight combined with calculations of 50-year extreme values were used to calculate and map each proposed index spatially. Resulting maps showed that exposure is not simply a function of distance from shore. The six indices show plausible performance regarding the objective assessment of aquaculture sites. The authors herein present the indices to the aquaculture and ocean engineering communities for discussion, application, and potential adoption of one or more of the proposed indices. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-356aaf2f45b648e79ec3c026ccb3001c |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2813-5334 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Aquaculture |
| spelling | doaj-art-356aaf2f45b648e79ec3c026ccb3001c2025-08-20T02:31:34ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Aquaculture2813-53342024-10-01310.3389/faquc.2024.13882801388280Hydrodynamic exposure – on the quest to deriving quantitative metrics for mariculture sitesOliver Lojek0Nils Goseberg1Nils Goseberg2Heidi Moe Føre3Tobias Dewhurst4Thea Bölker5Kevin Gerald Heasman6Bela H. Buck7Bela H. Buck8David W. Fredriksson9Samuel Rickerich10Department of Hydromechanics, Coastal- and Ocean Engineering, Leichtweiß-Institute for Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, GermanyDepartment of Hydromechanics, Coastal- and Ocean Engineering, Leichtweiß-Institute for Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, GermanyCoastal Research Center, Joint Research Facility of Technische Universität Braunschweig and Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, GermanyDepartment of Energy and Transport, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, NorwayKelson Marine Co., Portland, ME, United StatesDepartment of Hydromechanics, Coastal- and Ocean Engineering, Leichtweiß-Institute for Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, GermanyBlue Technology Group, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New ZealandMarine Aquaculture, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, GermanyApplied Marine Biology, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, GermanyCenter for Sustainable Seafood Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United StatesKelson Marine Co., Portland, ME, United StatesThis work attempts to define metrics for hydrodynamic exposure, using known oceanographic variables to provide a universal site assessment method for mariculture structures. Understanding environmental conditions driving open-ocean mariculture siting is crucial in establishing consistent ocean governance, minimizing adverse environmental impacts, and facilitating economically sustainable farm operations. To provide a metric of oceanic conditions and associated requirements for structural design and operation of aquaculture systems, six Exposure Indices (EI) are proposed that consider physical energy levels related to hydrodynamic forces at a site. Four of the proposed indices consider only environmental conditions, while the other two also consider the dimensions of the gear that is exposed to the external loads. These indices are: Exposure Velocity (EV), Exposure Velocity at Reference Depth (EVRD), Specific Exposure Energy (SEE), Depth-integrated Energy Flux (DEF), Structure-centered Depth-integrated Energy (SDE), and a Structure-centered Drag-to-Buoyancy Ratio (SDBR). While these indices are derived with a focus on aquaculture structures, they may also have applications for estimating biological stressors and operational challenges. The proposed exposure indices were evaluated for a range of known aquaculture sites around the world. A sensitivity analysis was conducted that quantified the relationship between the exposure indices and storm event return period. At a regional scale, hindcast numerical data for the German Bight combined with calculations of 50-year extreme values were used to calculate and map each proposed index spatially. Resulting maps showed that exposure is not simply a function of distance from shore. The six indices show plausible performance regarding the objective assessment of aquaculture sites. The authors herein present the indices to the aquaculture and ocean engineering communities for discussion, application, and potential adoption of one or more of the proposed indices.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/faquc.2024.1388280/fullaquaculture sitingdegree of exposurehydrodynamic loadingaquaculture technologyaquaculture engineeringquantitative assessment |
| spellingShingle | Oliver Lojek Nils Goseberg Nils Goseberg Heidi Moe Føre Tobias Dewhurst Thea Bölker Kevin Gerald Heasman Bela H. Buck Bela H. Buck David W. Fredriksson Samuel Rickerich Hydrodynamic exposure – on the quest to deriving quantitative metrics for mariculture sites Frontiers in Aquaculture aquaculture siting degree of exposure hydrodynamic loading aquaculture technology aquaculture engineering quantitative assessment |
| title | Hydrodynamic exposure – on the quest to deriving quantitative metrics for mariculture sites |
| title_full | Hydrodynamic exposure – on the quest to deriving quantitative metrics for mariculture sites |
| title_fullStr | Hydrodynamic exposure – on the quest to deriving quantitative metrics for mariculture sites |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hydrodynamic exposure – on the quest to deriving quantitative metrics for mariculture sites |
| title_short | Hydrodynamic exposure – on the quest to deriving quantitative metrics for mariculture sites |
| title_sort | hydrodynamic exposure on the quest to deriving quantitative metrics for mariculture sites |
| topic | aquaculture siting degree of exposure hydrodynamic loading aquaculture technology aquaculture engineering quantitative assessment |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/faquc.2024.1388280/full |
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