Integrated study of catalytic pyrolysis of bakelite waste: Catalyst variations, kinetic analysis, and batch pyrolysis
Bakelite poses environmental and health hazards upon disposal, necessitating effective recycling strategies. This study explores catalytic pyrolysis of Bakelite using La₂O₃, CeO₂, and ZrO₂ (2.5, 5, 10 wt%) to assess kinetic, thermodynamic parameters and screen suitable catalysts. The maximum weight...
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Elsevier
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Next Sustainability |
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| author | Achyut Kumar Panda Diptimayee Senapati Pabitra Mohan Mahapatra |
| author_facet | Achyut Kumar Panda Diptimayee Senapati Pabitra Mohan Mahapatra |
| author_sort | Achyut Kumar Panda |
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| description | Bakelite poses environmental and health hazards upon disposal, necessitating effective recycling strategies. This study explores catalytic pyrolysis of Bakelite using La₂O₃, CeO₂, and ZrO₂ (2.5, 5, 10 wt%) to assess kinetic, thermodynamic parameters and screen suitable catalysts. The maximum weight loss of Bakelite (62.91 wt%) was observed with 5 wt% La₂O₃. Kinetic analysis shows that Bakelite, with and without La₂O₃ (2.5, 5, and 10 wt%) follows a 1.5th-order mechanism, with activation energies of 83.09, 82.83, 75.43, and 83.41 kJ/mol, and Arrhenius factors of 4.39 × 10 ¹ ², 5.50 × 10 ¹ ², 1.88 × 10 ¹ ², and 4.05 × 10 ¹ ² min⁻¹ , respectively. For a 1.5th-order degradation, pure Bakelite showed ΔS = –0.05 kJ·K⁻¹ ·mol⁻¹ , ΔH = 76.42 kJ/mol, and ΔG = 104.80 kJ/mol; with 5 wt% La₂O₃, these shifted to –0.06 kJ·K⁻¹ ·mol⁻¹ , 72.75 kJ/mol, and 105.16 kJ/mol, respectively. Batch pyrolysis of Bakelite yielded 39.12 wt% condensable, 30.36 wt% gas, and 30.52 wt% residue, which shifted to 45.15, 31.56, and 23.29 wt% with 5 wt% La₂O₃, respectively. GC-MS of pyrolytic oil from bakelite without 5 wt% La₂O₃ showed alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, and oxygenates, including alcohols, ketones, ethers, and esters, while with 5 wt% La₂O₃, alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, and oxygenates like alcohols and esters were detected, confirmed by FTIR. This study proposes a novel catalytic pyrolysis of Bakelite using La₂O₃, CeO₂, and ZrO₂, integrating kinetic and thermodynamic analysis to enhance oil yield, selectivity, and resource recovery from a rarely explored bakelite. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3566f9b703824be0b20bb14e414b9e15 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2949-8236 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Next Sustainability |
| spelling | doaj-art-3566f9b703824be0b20bb14e414b9e152025-08-20T03:50:49ZengElsevierNext Sustainability2949-82362025-01-01610015210.1016/j.nxsust.2025.100152Integrated study of catalytic pyrolysis of bakelite waste: Catalyst variations, kinetic analysis, and batch pyrolysisAchyut Kumar Panda0Diptimayee Senapati1Pabitra Mohan Mahapatra2Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Odisha 768018, IndiaDepartment of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Odisha 768018, IndiaCorresponding author.; Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Odisha 768018, IndiaBakelite poses environmental and health hazards upon disposal, necessitating effective recycling strategies. This study explores catalytic pyrolysis of Bakelite using La₂O₃, CeO₂, and ZrO₂ (2.5, 5, 10 wt%) to assess kinetic, thermodynamic parameters and screen suitable catalysts. The maximum weight loss of Bakelite (62.91 wt%) was observed with 5 wt% La₂O₃. Kinetic analysis shows that Bakelite, with and without La₂O₃ (2.5, 5, and 10 wt%) follows a 1.5th-order mechanism, with activation energies of 83.09, 82.83, 75.43, and 83.41 kJ/mol, and Arrhenius factors of 4.39 × 10 ¹ ², 5.50 × 10 ¹ ², 1.88 × 10 ¹ ², and 4.05 × 10 ¹ ² min⁻¹ , respectively. For a 1.5th-order degradation, pure Bakelite showed ΔS = –0.05 kJ·K⁻¹ ·mol⁻¹ , ΔH = 76.42 kJ/mol, and ΔG = 104.80 kJ/mol; with 5 wt% La₂O₃, these shifted to –0.06 kJ·K⁻¹ ·mol⁻¹ , 72.75 kJ/mol, and 105.16 kJ/mol, respectively. Batch pyrolysis of Bakelite yielded 39.12 wt% condensable, 30.36 wt% gas, and 30.52 wt% residue, which shifted to 45.15, 31.56, and 23.29 wt% with 5 wt% La₂O₃, respectively. GC-MS of pyrolytic oil from bakelite without 5 wt% La₂O₃ showed alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, and oxygenates, including alcohols, ketones, ethers, and esters, while with 5 wt% La₂O₃, alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, and oxygenates like alcohols and esters were detected, confirmed by FTIR. This study proposes a novel catalytic pyrolysis of Bakelite using La₂O₃, CeO₂, and ZrO₂, integrating kinetic and thermodynamic analysis to enhance oil yield, selectivity, and resource recovery from a rarely explored bakelite.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949823625000558BakeliteCatalyst pyrolysisKinetic studyBatch pyrolysisPyrolytic oil |
| spellingShingle | Achyut Kumar Panda Diptimayee Senapati Pabitra Mohan Mahapatra Integrated study of catalytic pyrolysis of bakelite waste: Catalyst variations, kinetic analysis, and batch pyrolysis Next Sustainability Bakelite Catalyst pyrolysis Kinetic study Batch pyrolysis Pyrolytic oil |
| title | Integrated study of catalytic pyrolysis of bakelite waste: Catalyst variations, kinetic analysis, and batch pyrolysis |
| title_full | Integrated study of catalytic pyrolysis of bakelite waste: Catalyst variations, kinetic analysis, and batch pyrolysis |
| title_fullStr | Integrated study of catalytic pyrolysis of bakelite waste: Catalyst variations, kinetic analysis, and batch pyrolysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Integrated study of catalytic pyrolysis of bakelite waste: Catalyst variations, kinetic analysis, and batch pyrolysis |
| title_short | Integrated study of catalytic pyrolysis of bakelite waste: Catalyst variations, kinetic analysis, and batch pyrolysis |
| title_sort | integrated study of catalytic pyrolysis of bakelite waste catalyst variations kinetic analysis and batch pyrolysis |
| topic | Bakelite Catalyst pyrolysis Kinetic study Batch pyrolysis Pyrolytic oil |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949823625000558 |
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