Optimal control of interactions between invasive alien and native species in a certain time period with the r-PINN approach

The spread of invasive species poses a significant challenge to native biodiversity and ecosystem stability. An optimal control strategies to minimize the negative impacts of invasive species populations on native species and the ecosystem must be done in order to preserve the diversity in the ecosy...

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Main Authors: Yudi Ari Adi, Danang A. Pratama, Maharani A. Bakar, Sugiyarto Surono, Suparman, Agung Budiantoro
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-06-01
Series:Results in Control and Optimization
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666720725000438
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author Yudi Ari Adi
Danang A. Pratama
Maharani A. Bakar
Sugiyarto Surono
Suparman
Agung Budiantoro
author_facet Yudi Ari Adi
Danang A. Pratama
Maharani A. Bakar
Sugiyarto Surono
Suparman
Agung Budiantoro
author_sort Yudi Ari Adi
collection DOAJ
description The spread of invasive species poses a significant challenge to native biodiversity and ecosystem stability. An optimal control strategies to minimize the negative impacts of invasive species populations on native species and the ecosystem must be done in order to preserve the diversity in the ecosystem. This study proposes an optimal control framework to mitigate the impact of invasive species by enhancing native species preservation through a reaction–diffusion mathematical model. To solve the system efficiently, a restarting Physics-Informed Neural Network (r-PINN) is employed and benchmarked against the basic PINN. Numerical simulations reveal that r-PINN achieves a reduced training duration of 236.17 s compared to 289.18 s for the basic PINN, representing an 18.32% improvement in computational efficiency. Moreover, r-PINN demonstrates enhanced predictive accuracy, reducing the mean absolute error (MAE) by 4.12%, mean squared error (MSE) training loss by 12.04%, and MSE test loss by 5.11%. These results were validated against the Finite Difference Method (FDM), ensuring correctness of the proposed PINN-based approach. The implementation of the optimal control strategy led to a clear increase in native species populations and effective suppression of invasive species across spatial and temporal domains. Overall, the r-PINN framework offers a reliable and computationally efficient tool for solving nonlinear ecological models involving spatiotemporal control of species populations.
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spelling doaj-art-354e4fc5fc3e4e439394f4241907962c2025-08-20T02:07:27ZengElsevierResults in Control and Optimization2666-72072025-06-011910055710.1016/j.rico.2025.100557Optimal control of interactions between invasive alien and native species in a certain time period with the r-PINN approachYudi Ari Adi0Danang A. Pratama1Maharani A. Bakar2Sugiyarto Surono3 Suparman4Agung Budiantoro5Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Corresponding author.Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, 21030, MalaysiaFaculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, 21030, MalaysiaDepartment of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, IndonesiaFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, IndonesiaDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, IndonesiaThe spread of invasive species poses a significant challenge to native biodiversity and ecosystem stability. An optimal control strategies to minimize the negative impacts of invasive species populations on native species and the ecosystem must be done in order to preserve the diversity in the ecosystem. This study proposes an optimal control framework to mitigate the impact of invasive species by enhancing native species preservation through a reaction–diffusion mathematical model. To solve the system efficiently, a restarting Physics-Informed Neural Network (r-PINN) is employed and benchmarked against the basic PINN. Numerical simulations reveal that r-PINN achieves a reduced training duration of 236.17 s compared to 289.18 s for the basic PINN, representing an 18.32% improvement in computational efficiency. Moreover, r-PINN demonstrates enhanced predictive accuracy, reducing the mean absolute error (MAE) by 4.12%, mean squared error (MSE) training loss by 12.04%, and MSE test loss by 5.11%. These results were validated against the Finite Difference Method (FDM), ensuring correctness of the proposed PINN-based approach. The implementation of the optimal control strategy led to a clear increase in native species populations and effective suppression of invasive species across spatial and temporal domains. Overall, the r-PINN framework offers a reliable and computationally efficient tool for solving nonlinear ecological models involving spatiotemporal control of species populations.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666720725000438Native-invasive speciesReaction–diffusion systemr-PINNOptimal control
spellingShingle Yudi Ari Adi
Danang A. Pratama
Maharani A. Bakar
Sugiyarto Surono
Suparman
Agung Budiantoro
Optimal control of interactions between invasive alien and native species in a certain time period with the r-PINN approach
Results in Control and Optimization
Native-invasive species
Reaction–diffusion system
r-PINN
Optimal control
title Optimal control of interactions between invasive alien and native species in a certain time period with the r-PINN approach
title_full Optimal control of interactions between invasive alien and native species in a certain time period with the r-PINN approach
title_fullStr Optimal control of interactions between invasive alien and native species in a certain time period with the r-PINN approach
title_full_unstemmed Optimal control of interactions between invasive alien and native species in a certain time period with the r-PINN approach
title_short Optimal control of interactions between invasive alien and native species in a certain time period with the r-PINN approach
title_sort optimal control of interactions between invasive alien and native species in a certain time period with the r pinn approach
topic Native-invasive species
Reaction–diffusion system
r-PINN
Optimal control
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666720725000438
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