Gait Environment Recognition Using Biomechanical and Physiological Signals with Feed-Forward Neural Network: A Pilot Study

Gait, the fundamental form of human locomotion, occurs across diverse environments. The technology for recognizing environmental changes during walking is crucial for preventing falls and controlling wearable robots. This study collected gait data on level ground (LG), ramps, and stairs using a feed...

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Main Authors: Kyeong-Jun Seo, Jinwon Lee, Ji-Eun Cho, Hogene Kim, Jung Hwan Kim
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Sensors
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/14/4302
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author Kyeong-Jun Seo
Jinwon Lee
Ji-Eun Cho
Hogene Kim
Jung Hwan Kim
author_facet Kyeong-Jun Seo
Jinwon Lee
Ji-Eun Cho
Hogene Kim
Jung Hwan Kim
author_sort Kyeong-Jun Seo
collection DOAJ
description Gait, the fundamental form of human locomotion, occurs across diverse environments. The technology for recognizing environmental changes during walking is crucial for preventing falls and controlling wearable robots. This study collected gait data on level ground (LG), ramps, and stairs using a feed-forward neural network (FFNN) to classify the corresponding gait environments. Gait experiments were performed on five non-disabled participants using an inertial measurement unit, a galvanic skin response sensor, and a smart insole. The collected data were preprocessed through time synchronization and filtering, then labeled according to the gait environment, yielding 47,033 data samples. Gait data were used to train an FFNN model with a single hidden layer, achieving a high accuracy of 98%, with the highest accuracy observed on LG. This study confirms the effectiveness of classifying gait environments based on signals acquired from various wearable sensors during walking. In the future, these research findings may serve as basic data for exoskeleton robot control and gait analysis.
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id doaj-art-3519f1111c304b50b44fe8940bbf788a
institution DOAJ
issn 1424-8220
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publishDate 2025-07-01
publisher MDPI AG
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spelling doaj-art-3519f1111c304b50b44fe8940bbf788a2025-08-20T02:47:21ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-07-012514430210.3390/s25144302Gait Environment Recognition Using Biomechanical and Physiological Signals with Feed-Forward Neural Network: A Pilot StudyKyeong-Jun Seo0Jinwon Lee1Ji-Eun Cho2Hogene Kim3Jung Hwan Kim4Department of Rehabilitation & Assistive Technology, National Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul 01022, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Industrial and Management Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Wonju 26403, Gangwon-do, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Rehabilitation & Assistive Technology, National Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul 01022, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USADepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ewha Womans University & Medical Center Mokdong Hospital, Seoul 07985, Republic of KoreaGait, the fundamental form of human locomotion, occurs across diverse environments. The technology for recognizing environmental changes during walking is crucial for preventing falls and controlling wearable robots. This study collected gait data on level ground (LG), ramps, and stairs using a feed-forward neural network (FFNN) to classify the corresponding gait environments. Gait experiments were performed on five non-disabled participants using an inertial measurement unit, a galvanic skin response sensor, and a smart insole. The collected data were preprocessed through time synchronization and filtering, then labeled according to the gait environment, yielding 47,033 data samples. Gait data were used to train an FFNN model with a single hidden layer, achieving a high accuracy of 98%, with the highest accuracy observed on LG. This study confirms the effectiveness of classifying gait environments based on signals acquired from various wearable sensors during walking. In the future, these research findings may serve as basic data for exoskeleton robot control and gait analysis.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/14/4302feed-forward neural network (FFNN)gait environmentwearable sensormultimodal sensor
spellingShingle Kyeong-Jun Seo
Jinwon Lee
Ji-Eun Cho
Hogene Kim
Jung Hwan Kim
Gait Environment Recognition Using Biomechanical and Physiological Signals with Feed-Forward Neural Network: A Pilot Study
Sensors
feed-forward neural network (FFNN)
gait environment
wearable sensor
multimodal sensor
title Gait Environment Recognition Using Biomechanical and Physiological Signals with Feed-Forward Neural Network: A Pilot Study
title_full Gait Environment Recognition Using Biomechanical and Physiological Signals with Feed-Forward Neural Network: A Pilot Study
title_fullStr Gait Environment Recognition Using Biomechanical and Physiological Signals with Feed-Forward Neural Network: A Pilot Study
title_full_unstemmed Gait Environment Recognition Using Biomechanical and Physiological Signals with Feed-Forward Neural Network: A Pilot Study
title_short Gait Environment Recognition Using Biomechanical and Physiological Signals with Feed-Forward Neural Network: A Pilot Study
title_sort gait environment recognition using biomechanical and physiological signals with feed forward neural network a pilot study
topic feed-forward neural network (FFNN)
gait environment
wearable sensor
multimodal sensor
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/14/4302
work_keys_str_mv AT kyeongjunseo gaitenvironmentrecognitionusingbiomechanicalandphysiologicalsignalswithfeedforwardneuralnetworkapilotstudy
AT jinwonlee gaitenvironmentrecognitionusingbiomechanicalandphysiologicalsignalswithfeedforwardneuralnetworkapilotstudy
AT jieuncho gaitenvironmentrecognitionusingbiomechanicalandphysiologicalsignalswithfeedforwardneuralnetworkapilotstudy
AT hogenekim gaitenvironmentrecognitionusingbiomechanicalandphysiologicalsignalswithfeedforwardneuralnetworkapilotstudy
AT junghwankim gaitenvironmentrecognitionusingbiomechanicalandphysiologicalsignalswithfeedforwardneuralnetworkapilotstudy