Sex differences in risk factors for Alzheimer dementia encephalopathy patients
BackgroundThe objective is to identify risk factors that contribute to sex differences in Alzheimer dementia (AD) patients with encephalopathy (ADEN) and determine whether these factors are different between male and female ADEN patients. This is the first large-scale study comparing sex-specific AD...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Dementia |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frdem.2025.1593788/full |
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| author | Connor John O’Brien James Wayne Patterson Dami Taiwo Ojo Nathan Gerhard Faulstich Killian Joseph Bucci Philip Cole Brewer Adebobola Imeh-Nathaniel Emmanuel I. Nathaniel Laurie Roley Richard Goodwin Thomas I. Nathaniel |
| author_facet | Connor John O’Brien James Wayne Patterson Dami Taiwo Ojo Nathan Gerhard Faulstich Killian Joseph Bucci Philip Cole Brewer Adebobola Imeh-Nathaniel Emmanuel I. Nathaniel Laurie Roley Richard Goodwin Thomas I. Nathaniel |
| author_sort | Connor John O’Brien |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundThe objective is to identify risk factors that contribute to sex differences in Alzheimer dementia (AD) patients with encephalopathy (ADEN) and determine whether these factors are different between male and female ADEN patients. This is the first large-scale study comparing sex-specific ADEN risk profiles.MethodsOur retrospective cohort study analyzed data collected from February 2016 to August 2020. It included a total of 128,769 AD patients, among whom 41,266 AD patients also presented with encephalopathy, compared to 87,503 AD patients that did not. The univariate analysis was used to determine differences in risk factors for male and female AD patients. Multivariate analysis predicted specific risk factors associated with male and female ADEN patients.ResultIn the adjusted analysis, males presented with hypertension (OR = 1.144, 95% CI, 1.094–1.197, p < 0.001), peripheral vascular disease (OR = 1.606, 95% CI, 1.485–1.737, p < 0.001), atrial fibrillation (OR = 1.555, 95% CI, 1.443–1.676, p < 0.001), hallucinations (OR = 1.406, 95% CI, 1.119–1.766, p = 0.003), and traumatic head injury (OR = 3.211, 95% CI, 2.346–4.395, p < 0.001). Females presented with osteoporosis (OR = 0.307, 95% CI, 0.278–0.340, p < 0.001), unspecified cancer (OR = 0.615, 95% CI, 0.512–0.740, p < 0.001), anxiety (OR = 0.609, 95% CI, 0.565–0.655, p < 0.001), urinary tract infections (UTI) (OR = 0.451, 95% CI, 0.423–0.481, p < 0.001), upper respiratory infections (URI) (OR = 0.531, 95% CI, 0.432–0.653, p < 0.001) and gastrointestinal ulceration (OR = 0.338, 95% CI, 0.269–0.424, p < 0.001).ConclusionOur analysis identified risk factors that contribute to sex differences in ADEN. This difference was fully mediated by peripheral vascular disease, atrial fibrillation, hallucinations, and traumatic head injury for males and unspecified cancer, anxiety, urinary tract infections, upper respiratory infections, and gastrointestinal ulceration for females. These findings provide valuable insights into the risk factors that can be managed to improve the care of male and female ADEN patients. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-35008aa7035e44948ec617a48e2fd47a |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2813-3919 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Dementia |
| spelling | doaj-art-35008aa7035e44948ec617a48e2fd47a2025-08-20T01:57:05ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Dementia2813-39192025-05-01410.3389/frdem.2025.15937881593788Sex differences in risk factors for Alzheimer dementia encephalopathy patientsConnor John O’Brien0James Wayne Patterson1Dami Taiwo Ojo2Nathan Gerhard Faulstich3Killian Joseph Bucci4Philip Cole Brewer5Adebobola Imeh-Nathaniel6Emmanuel I. Nathaniel7Laurie Roley8Richard Goodwin9Thomas I. Nathaniel10School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC, United StatesSchool of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC, United StatesSchool of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC, United StatesSchool of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC, United StatesSchool of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC, United StatesSchool of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC, United StatesDepartment of Biology, North Greenville University, Tigerville, SC, United StatesDepartment of Biology, North Greenville University, Tigerville, SC, United StatesPRISMA Health, Greer, SC, United StatesDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United StatesSchool of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC, United StatesBackgroundThe objective is to identify risk factors that contribute to sex differences in Alzheimer dementia (AD) patients with encephalopathy (ADEN) and determine whether these factors are different between male and female ADEN patients. This is the first large-scale study comparing sex-specific ADEN risk profiles.MethodsOur retrospective cohort study analyzed data collected from February 2016 to August 2020. It included a total of 128,769 AD patients, among whom 41,266 AD patients also presented with encephalopathy, compared to 87,503 AD patients that did not. The univariate analysis was used to determine differences in risk factors for male and female AD patients. Multivariate analysis predicted specific risk factors associated with male and female ADEN patients.ResultIn the adjusted analysis, males presented with hypertension (OR = 1.144, 95% CI, 1.094–1.197, p < 0.001), peripheral vascular disease (OR = 1.606, 95% CI, 1.485–1.737, p < 0.001), atrial fibrillation (OR = 1.555, 95% CI, 1.443–1.676, p < 0.001), hallucinations (OR = 1.406, 95% CI, 1.119–1.766, p = 0.003), and traumatic head injury (OR = 3.211, 95% CI, 2.346–4.395, p < 0.001). Females presented with osteoporosis (OR = 0.307, 95% CI, 0.278–0.340, p < 0.001), unspecified cancer (OR = 0.615, 95% CI, 0.512–0.740, p < 0.001), anxiety (OR = 0.609, 95% CI, 0.565–0.655, p < 0.001), urinary tract infections (UTI) (OR = 0.451, 95% CI, 0.423–0.481, p < 0.001), upper respiratory infections (URI) (OR = 0.531, 95% CI, 0.432–0.653, p < 0.001) and gastrointestinal ulceration (OR = 0.338, 95% CI, 0.269–0.424, p < 0.001).ConclusionOur analysis identified risk factors that contribute to sex differences in ADEN. This difference was fully mediated by peripheral vascular disease, atrial fibrillation, hallucinations, and traumatic head injury for males and unspecified cancer, anxiety, urinary tract infections, upper respiratory infections, and gastrointestinal ulceration for females. These findings provide valuable insights into the risk factors that can be managed to improve the care of male and female ADEN patients.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frdem.2025.1593788/fullAlzheimer’s dementiaencephalopathyrisk factorssexmale and female patients |
| spellingShingle | Connor John O’Brien James Wayne Patterson Dami Taiwo Ojo Nathan Gerhard Faulstich Killian Joseph Bucci Philip Cole Brewer Adebobola Imeh-Nathaniel Emmanuel I. Nathaniel Laurie Roley Richard Goodwin Thomas I. Nathaniel Sex differences in risk factors for Alzheimer dementia encephalopathy patients Frontiers in Dementia Alzheimer’s dementia encephalopathy risk factors sex male and female patients |
| title | Sex differences in risk factors for Alzheimer dementia encephalopathy patients |
| title_full | Sex differences in risk factors for Alzheimer dementia encephalopathy patients |
| title_fullStr | Sex differences in risk factors for Alzheimer dementia encephalopathy patients |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sex differences in risk factors for Alzheimer dementia encephalopathy patients |
| title_short | Sex differences in risk factors for Alzheimer dementia encephalopathy patients |
| title_sort | sex differences in risk factors for alzheimer dementia encephalopathy patients |
| topic | Alzheimer’s dementia encephalopathy risk factors sex male and female patients |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frdem.2025.1593788/full |
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