Perceived Neighborhood Social Environment and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: Insights from the Add Health

Introduction: Adolescents experience major depression at disproportionately higher rates than their adult counterparts. Perceived neighborhood social environment (PNSE) has been linked with depressive symptoms among adolescents. The primary aim was to investigate the relationships between each PNSE...

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Main Authors: Rachel J. Kulchar, Breanna J. Rogers, Sam J. Neally, Alyssa Shishkov, Yangyang Deng, Mohammad Moniruzzaman, Kosuke Tamura
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Mary Ann Liebert 2024-12-01
Series:Health Equity
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Online Access:https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/heq.2024.0100
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author Rachel J. Kulchar
Breanna J. Rogers
Sam J. Neally
Alyssa Shishkov
Yangyang Deng
Mohammad Moniruzzaman
Kosuke Tamura
author_facet Rachel J. Kulchar
Breanna J. Rogers
Sam J. Neally
Alyssa Shishkov
Yangyang Deng
Mohammad Moniruzzaman
Kosuke Tamura
author_sort Rachel J. Kulchar
collection DOAJ
description Introduction: Adolescents experience major depression at disproportionately higher rates than their adult counterparts. Perceived neighborhood social environment (PNSE) has been linked with depressive symptoms among adolescents. The primary aim was to investigate the relationships between each PNSE and depressive symptoms. The secondary aim was to examine whether these associations may be varied by gender and race/ethnicity. Methods: Participants (n = 6083; mean age = 15.4) from the 1994–1995 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) were asked to respond to items on depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and perceived neighborhood measures. The two depressive symptoms outcomes based on CES-D score were a continuous CES-D score and a three-level depressive symptoms variable: (i) minimal symptoms score (referent) <16, (ii) mild: 16 ≤ CES-D < 24, and (iii) moderate/severe: CES-D ≥24. PNSE included safety, social cohesion, and contentedness (i.e., 1-standard deviation unit increase). Weighted regression models were used to examine associations between each PNSE and depressive symptoms, adjusting for covariates. Results: Perceived neighborhood safety, social cohesion, and contentedness were negatively related to depressive symptoms (β = −1.14, β = −0.59, and β = −1.46, respectively, all p < 0.001). Similar patterns of negative associations were observed by gender, whereas race/ethnicity-specific analyses revealed the complexity of the associations. Conclusion: As adolescents’ favorable perceptions of their neighborhoods (safety, social cohesion, and contentedness) were related to lower depressive symptoms, efforts toward improving neighborhood conditions and resources may be imperative to drive health equity in specific subgroups and address disparities in the adolescent mental health epidemic.
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spelling doaj-art-34ddbef888714e9d93e209ab0f049fdf2025-08-20T02:59:06ZengMary Ann LiebertHealth Equity2473-12422024-12-018181682410.1089/heq.2024.0100Perceived Neighborhood Social Environment and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: Insights from the Add HealthRachel J. Kulchar0Breanna J. Rogers1Sam J. Neally2Alyssa Shishkov3Yangyang Deng4Mohammad Moniruzzaman5Kosuke Tamura6Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.Socio-Spatial Determinants of Health (SSDH) Laboratory, Population and Community Health Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.Socio-Spatial Determinants of Health (SSDH) Laboratory, Population and Community Health Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.Socio-Spatial Determinants of Health (SSDH) Laboratory, Population and Community Health Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.Socio-Spatial Determinants of Health (SSDH) Laboratory, Population and Community Health Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.Socio-Spatial Determinants of Health (SSDH) Laboratory, Population and Community Health Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.Introduction: Adolescents experience major depression at disproportionately higher rates than their adult counterparts. Perceived neighborhood social environment (PNSE) has been linked with depressive symptoms among adolescents. The primary aim was to investigate the relationships between each PNSE and depressive symptoms. The secondary aim was to examine whether these associations may be varied by gender and race/ethnicity. Methods: Participants (n = 6083; mean age = 15.4) from the 1994–1995 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) were asked to respond to items on depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and perceived neighborhood measures. The two depressive symptoms outcomes based on CES-D score were a continuous CES-D score and a three-level depressive symptoms variable: (i) minimal symptoms score (referent) <16, (ii) mild: 16 ≤ CES-D < 24, and (iii) moderate/severe: CES-D ≥24. PNSE included safety, social cohesion, and contentedness (i.e., 1-standard deviation unit increase). Weighted regression models were used to examine associations between each PNSE and depressive symptoms, adjusting for covariates. Results: Perceived neighborhood safety, social cohesion, and contentedness were negatively related to depressive symptoms (β = −1.14, β = −0.59, and β = −1.46, respectively, all p < 0.001). Similar patterns of negative associations were observed by gender, whereas race/ethnicity-specific analyses revealed the complexity of the associations. Conclusion: As adolescents’ favorable perceptions of their neighborhoods (safety, social cohesion, and contentedness) were related to lower depressive symptoms, efforts toward improving neighborhood conditions and resources may be imperative to drive health equity in specific subgroups and address disparities in the adolescent mental health epidemic.https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/heq.2024.0100neighborhoodssocial contextsmood disordersdepressionyouthdisparities
spellingShingle Rachel J. Kulchar
Breanna J. Rogers
Sam J. Neally
Alyssa Shishkov
Yangyang Deng
Mohammad Moniruzzaman
Kosuke Tamura
Perceived Neighborhood Social Environment and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: Insights from the Add Health
Health Equity
neighborhoods
social contexts
mood disorders
depression
youth
disparities
title Perceived Neighborhood Social Environment and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: Insights from the Add Health
title_full Perceived Neighborhood Social Environment and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: Insights from the Add Health
title_fullStr Perceived Neighborhood Social Environment and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: Insights from the Add Health
title_full_unstemmed Perceived Neighborhood Social Environment and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: Insights from the Add Health
title_short Perceived Neighborhood Social Environment and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: Insights from the Add Health
title_sort perceived neighborhood social environment and adolescent depressive symptoms insights from the add health
topic neighborhoods
social contexts
mood disorders
depression
youth
disparities
url https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/heq.2024.0100
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