Apoptotic extracellular vesicles derived from human dental pulp stem cells facilitate periodontal tissue regeneration

Abstract Objective Apoptotic extracellular vesicles (ApoEVs) derived from human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are subcellular structures released during programmed cell death. These vesicles carry rich biological information and regulatory potential, and have demonstrated significance in regulatin...

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Main Authors: Junyi Xia, Zeyu Zhang, Jinlong Weng, Guanxiong Zhu, Zidan Xu, Liting Zeng, Janak Lal Pathak, Lina Yu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:BMC Oral Health
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06531-z
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author Junyi Xia
Zeyu Zhang
Jinlong Weng
Guanxiong Zhu
Zidan Xu
Liting Zeng
Janak Lal Pathak
Lina Yu
author_facet Junyi Xia
Zeyu Zhang
Jinlong Weng
Guanxiong Zhu
Zidan Xu
Liting Zeng
Janak Lal Pathak
Lina Yu
author_sort Junyi Xia
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Objective Apoptotic extracellular vesicles (ApoEVs) derived from human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are subcellular structures released during programmed cell death. These vesicles carry rich biological information and regulatory potential, and have demonstrated significance in regulating cell behavior and tissue repair. Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) are key to regenerating periodontal tissue, and their osteogenic differentiation ability directly influences the repair and reconstruction of periodontal bone tissue. However, the potential of ApoEVs derived from human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs-ApoEVs) to regulate the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate the effects of hDPSCs-ApoEVs on the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs, offering new insights and methods for treating periodontal bone tissue injuries, with important scientific and clinical implications. Methods hDPSCs-ApoEVs were isolated via ultracentrifugation and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Western blot. In vitro, hPDLSCs were treated with hDPSCs-ApoEVs to determine whether the vesicles could enter hPDLSCs and to assess the proliferation, migration, and osteogenic potential of hPDLSCs. In vivo, a rat periodontal bone defect model was established, with local injections of hDPSCs-ApoEVs or PBS administered every other day. After 6 weeks, the maxillae were collected and analyzed using micro-CT and histological staining. Results In vitro, hDPSCs-ApoEVs promoted the migration and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. In vivo, treatment with hDPSCs-ApoEVs can enhance the recovery of periodontal bone defects in rats. Conclusion hDPSCs-ApoEVs play a significant role in promoting bone regeneration, suggesting their potential as a promising cell-free therapeutic strategy for periodontal bone tissue regeneration.
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series BMC Oral Health
spelling doaj-art-34d4f76cc7fa41e3bf0c74a9c460522b2025-08-20T03:42:07ZengBMCBMC Oral Health1472-68312025-07-0125111410.1186/s12903-025-06531-zApoptotic extracellular vesicles derived from human dental pulp stem cells facilitate periodontal tissue regenerationJunyi Xia0Zeyu Zhang1Jinlong Weng2Guanxiong Zhu3Zidan Xu4Liting Zeng5Janak Lal Pathak6Lina Yu7Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical UniversityDepartment of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical UniversityDepartment of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical UniversityDepartment of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical UniversityDepartment of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical UniversityDepartment of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical UniversityDepartment of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical UniversityDepartment of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Medical UniversityAbstract Objective Apoptotic extracellular vesicles (ApoEVs) derived from human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are subcellular structures released during programmed cell death. These vesicles carry rich biological information and regulatory potential, and have demonstrated significance in regulating cell behavior and tissue repair. Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) are key to regenerating periodontal tissue, and their osteogenic differentiation ability directly influences the repair and reconstruction of periodontal bone tissue. However, the potential of ApoEVs derived from human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs-ApoEVs) to regulate the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate the effects of hDPSCs-ApoEVs on the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs, offering new insights and methods for treating periodontal bone tissue injuries, with important scientific and clinical implications. Methods hDPSCs-ApoEVs were isolated via ultracentrifugation and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Western blot. In vitro, hPDLSCs were treated with hDPSCs-ApoEVs to determine whether the vesicles could enter hPDLSCs and to assess the proliferation, migration, and osteogenic potential of hPDLSCs. In vivo, a rat periodontal bone defect model was established, with local injections of hDPSCs-ApoEVs or PBS administered every other day. After 6 weeks, the maxillae were collected and analyzed using micro-CT and histological staining. Results In vitro, hDPSCs-ApoEVs promoted the migration and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs. In vivo, treatment with hDPSCs-ApoEVs can enhance the recovery of periodontal bone defects in rats. Conclusion hDPSCs-ApoEVs play a significant role in promoting bone regeneration, suggesting their potential as a promising cell-free therapeutic strategy for periodontal bone tissue regeneration.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06531-zDental pulp stem cellsApoptotic extracellular vesiclesPeriodontal ligament stem cellsOsteogenic differentiationTissue regeneration
spellingShingle Junyi Xia
Zeyu Zhang
Jinlong Weng
Guanxiong Zhu
Zidan Xu
Liting Zeng
Janak Lal Pathak
Lina Yu
Apoptotic extracellular vesicles derived from human dental pulp stem cells facilitate periodontal tissue regeneration
BMC Oral Health
Dental pulp stem cells
Apoptotic extracellular vesicles
Periodontal ligament stem cells
Osteogenic differentiation
Tissue regeneration
title Apoptotic extracellular vesicles derived from human dental pulp stem cells facilitate periodontal tissue regeneration
title_full Apoptotic extracellular vesicles derived from human dental pulp stem cells facilitate periodontal tissue regeneration
title_fullStr Apoptotic extracellular vesicles derived from human dental pulp stem cells facilitate periodontal tissue regeneration
title_full_unstemmed Apoptotic extracellular vesicles derived from human dental pulp stem cells facilitate periodontal tissue regeneration
title_short Apoptotic extracellular vesicles derived from human dental pulp stem cells facilitate periodontal tissue regeneration
title_sort apoptotic extracellular vesicles derived from human dental pulp stem cells facilitate periodontal tissue regeneration
topic Dental pulp stem cells
Apoptotic extracellular vesicles
Periodontal ligament stem cells
Osteogenic differentiation
Tissue regeneration
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-06531-z
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