OrCAS: Origins, Compositions, and Atmospheres of Sub-Neptunes. I. Survey Definition
Sub-Neptunes—volatile-rich exoplanets smaller than Neptune—are intrinsically the most common type of planet known. However, the formation and nature of these objects, as well as the distinctions between subclasses (if any), remain unclear. Two powerful tools to tease out the secrets of these worlds...
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2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad9aa6 |
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| author | Ian J. M. Crossfield Alex S. Polanski Paul Robertson Joseph Akana Murphy Emma V. Turtelboom Rafael Luque Thomas Beatty Tansu Daylan Howard Isaacson Jonathan Brande Laura Kreidberg Natalie M. Batalha Daniel Huber Maleah Rhem Courtney Dressing Stephen R. Kane Malik Bossett Anna Gagnebin Maxwell A. Kroft Pranav H. Premnath Claire J. Rogers Karen A. Collins David W. Latham Cristilyn N. Watkins David R. Ciardi Steve B. Howell Arjun B. Savel Perry Berlind Michael L. Calkins Gilbert A. Esquerdo Jessica Mink Catherine A. Clark Michael B. Lund Rachel A. Matson Mark E. Everett Joshua E. Schlieder Elisabeth C. Matthews Steven Giacalone Thomas Barclay Roberto Zambelli Peter Plavchan Taylor Ellingson Michael Bowen Gregor Srdoc Kim K. McLeod Richard P. Schwarz Khalid Barkaoui Jacob Kamler Felipe Murgas Enric Palle Norio Narita Akihiko Fukui Howard M. Relles Allyson Bieryla Eric Girardin Bob Massey Chris Stockdale Pablo Lewin Riccardo Papini Pere Guerra Dennis M. Conti Selçuk Yalçinkaya Özgür Baştürk Ghachoui Mourad |
| author_facet | Ian J. M. Crossfield Alex S. Polanski Paul Robertson Joseph Akana Murphy Emma V. Turtelboom Rafael Luque Thomas Beatty Tansu Daylan Howard Isaacson Jonathan Brande Laura Kreidberg Natalie M. Batalha Daniel Huber Maleah Rhem Courtney Dressing Stephen R. Kane Malik Bossett Anna Gagnebin Maxwell A. Kroft Pranav H. Premnath Claire J. Rogers Karen A. Collins David W. Latham Cristilyn N. Watkins David R. Ciardi Steve B. Howell Arjun B. Savel Perry Berlind Michael L. Calkins Gilbert A. Esquerdo Jessica Mink Catherine A. Clark Michael B. Lund Rachel A. Matson Mark E. Everett Joshua E. Schlieder Elisabeth C. Matthews Steven Giacalone Thomas Barclay Roberto Zambelli Peter Plavchan Taylor Ellingson Michael Bowen Gregor Srdoc Kim K. McLeod Richard P. Schwarz Khalid Barkaoui Jacob Kamler Felipe Murgas Enric Palle Norio Narita Akihiko Fukui Howard M. Relles Allyson Bieryla Eric Girardin Bob Massey Chris Stockdale Pablo Lewin Riccardo Papini Pere Guerra Dennis M. Conti Selçuk Yalçinkaya Özgür Baştürk Ghachoui Mourad |
| author_sort | Ian J. M. Crossfield |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Sub-Neptunes—volatile-rich exoplanets smaller than Neptune—are intrinsically the most common type of planet known. However, the formation and nature of these objects, as well as the distinctions between subclasses (if any), remain unclear. Two powerful tools to tease out the secrets of these worlds are measurements of (i) atmospheric composition and structure revealed by transit and/or eclipse spectroscopy, and (ii) mass, radius, and density revealed by transit photometry and Doppler spectroscopy. Here, we present OrCAS, a survey to better elucidate the origins, compositions, and atmospheres of sub-Neptunes. This radial velocity survey uses a repeatable, quantifiable metric to select targets suitable for subsequent transmission spectroscopy and address key science themes about the atmospheric and internal compositions and architectures of these systems. Our survey targets 26 systems with transiting sub-Neptune planet candidates, with the overarching goal of increasing the sample of such planets suitable for subsequent atmospheric characterization. This paper lays out our survey's science goals, defines our target prioritization metric, and performs light-curve fits and statistical validation using existing TESS photometry and ground-based follow-up observations. Our survey serves to continue expanding the sample of small exoplanets with well-measured properties orbiting nearby bright stars, ensuring fruitful studies of these systems for many years to come. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-34536b263e0e41cea18973247f488244 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1538-3881 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astronomical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-34536b263e0e41cea18973247f4882442025-08-20T03:17:32ZengIOP PublishingThe Astronomical Journal1538-38812025-01-0116928910.3847/1538-3881/ad9aa6OrCAS: Origins, Compositions, and Atmospheres of Sub-Neptunes. I. Survey DefinitionIan J. M. Crossfield0Alex S. Polanski1Paul Robertson2Joseph Akana Murphy3Emma V. Turtelboom4Rafael Luque5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4671-2957Thomas Beatty6Tansu Daylan7Howard Isaacson8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0531-1073Jonathan Brande9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2072-6541Laura Kreidberg10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0514-1147Natalie M. Batalha11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7030-9519Daniel Huber12Maleah Rhem13Courtney Dressing14Stephen R. Kane15Malik Bossett16Anna Gagnebin17Maxwell A. Kroft18https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2757-4138Pranav H. Premnath19https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5728-4735Claire J. Rogers20https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5520-1648Karen A. Collins21https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6588-9574David W. Latham22https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9911-7388Cristilyn N. Watkins23https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8621-6731David R. Ciardi24https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5741-3047Steve B. Howell25https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2532-2853Arjun B. Savel26https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2454-768XPerry Berlind27Michael L. Calkins28Gilbert A. Esquerdo29Jessica Mink30Catherine A. Clark31https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2361-5812Michael B. Lund32https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2527-1598Rachel A. Matson33https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7233-7508Mark E. Everett34https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0885-7215Joshua E. Schlieder35https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5347-7062Elisabeth C. Matthews36https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0593-1560Steven Giacalone37https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8965-3969Thomas Barclay38https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7139-2724Roberto Zambelli39Peter Plavchan40Taylor Ellingson41Michael Bowen42Gregor Srdoc43Kim K. McLeod44https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-1486Richard P. Schwarz45https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8227-1020Khalid Barkaoui46https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1464-9276Jacob Kamler47Felipe Murgas48https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9087-1245Enric Palle49Norio Narita50https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8511-2981Akihiko Fukui51https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4909-5763Howard M. Relles52https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5132-9520Allyson Bieryla53https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6637-5401Eric Girardin54Bob Massey55https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8879-7138Chris Stockdale56https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2163-1437Pablo Lewin57https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0828-6368Riccardo Papini58https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9361-9153Pere Guerra59https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0619-7639Dennis M. Conti60https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2239-0567Selçuk Yalçinkaya61Özgür Baştürk62Ghachoui Mourad63Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS, USA ; ianc@ku.edu; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS, USA ; ianc@ku.edu; Lowell Observatory , 1400 W. Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, CA 92697, USADepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USADepartment of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University , St. Louis, MO 63130, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS, USA ; ianc@ku.eduMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USAInstitute for Astronomy, University of Hawai’i , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA), School of Physics, University of Sydney , NSW 2006, AustraliaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS, USA ; ianc@ku.eduDepartment of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California , Riverside, CA 92521, USADepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USADepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, CA 92697, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, CA 92697, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USANASA Exoplanet Science Institute , IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USANASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA 94035, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USANASA Exoplanet Science Institute , IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91109, USANASA Exoplanet Science Institute , IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAU.S. Naval Observatory , Washington, D.C. 20392, USAU.S. National Science Foundation National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USANASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, Mail Code 667, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyDepartment of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USANASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, Mail Code 667, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USASocieta Astronomica Lunae , Castelnuovo Magra, ItalyGeorge Mason University , 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USAGeorge Mason University , 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USAGeorge Mason University , 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USAKotizarovci Observatory , Sarsoni 90, 51216 Viskovo, CroatiaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Wellesley College , Wellesley, MA 02481, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAAstrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège , 19C Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainJohn F. Kennedy High School , 3000 Bellmore Avenue, Bellmore, NY 11710, USAInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Astrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, JapanCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAGrand Pra Observatory , 1984 Les Hauderes, SwitzerlandVilla '39 Observatory , Landers, CA 92285, USAHazelwood Observatory , AustraliaThe Maury Lewin Astronomical Observatory , Glendora, CA 91741, USAWild Boar Remote Observatory , San Casciano in val di Pesa, Firenze, 50026, ItalyObservatori Astronòmic Albanyà , Camí de Bassegoda S/N, Albanyò 17733, Girona, SpainAmerican Association of Variable Star Observers , 185 Alewife Brook Parkway, Suite 410, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAAnkara University , Faculty of Science, Astronomy and Space Sciences Department, Tandogan, TR-06100, Ankara, Türkiye; Ankara University , Astronomy and Space Sciences Research and Application Center (Kreiken Observatory), Alper Gezeravcı Yerleşkesi, İncek Blvd., TR-06837, Ahlatlibel, Ankara, TürkiyeAnkara University , Faculty of Science, Astronomy and Space Sciences Department, Tandogan, TR-06100, Ankara, Türkiye; Ankara University , Astronomy and Space Sciences Research and Application Center (Kreiken Observatory), Alper Gezeravcı Yerleşkesi, İncek Blvd., TR-06837, Ahlatlibel, Ankara, TürkiyeOukaimeden Observatory , High Energy Physics and Astrophysics Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, MoroccoSub-Neptunes—volatile-rich exoplanets smaller than Neptune—are intrinsically the most common type of planet known. However, the formation and nature of these objects, as well as the distinctions between subclasses (if any), remain unclear. Two powerful tools to tease out the secrets of these worlds are measurements of (i) atmospheric composition and structure revealed by transit and/or eclipse spectroscopy, and (ii) mass, radius, and density revealed by transit photometry and Doppler spectroscopy. Here, we present OrCAS, a survey to better elucidate the origins, compositions, and atmospheres of sub-Neptunes. This radial velocity survey uses a repeatable, quantifiable metric to select targets suitable for subsequent transmission spectroscopy and address key science themes about the atmospheric and internal compositions and architectures of these systems. Our survey targets 26 systems with transiting sub-Neptune planet candidates, with the overarching goal of increasing the sample of such planets suitable for subsequent atmospheric characterization. This paper lays out our survey's science goals, defines our target prioritization metric, and performs light-curve fits and statistical validation using existing TESS photometry and ground-based follow-up observations. Our survey serves to continue expanding the sample of small exoplanets with well-measured properties orbiting nearby bright stars, ensuring fruitful studies of these systems for many years to come.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad9aa6Exoplanet astronomyTransit photometryRadial velocityExoplanet atmospheres |
| spellingShingle | Ian J. M. Crossfield Alex S. Polanski Paul Robertson Joseph Akana Murphy Emma V. Turtelboom Rafael Luque Thomas Beatty Tansu Daylan Howard Isaacson Jonathan Brande Laura Kreidberg Natalie M. Batalha Daniel Huber Maleah Rhem Courtney Dressing Stephen R. Kane Malik Bossett Anna Gagnebin Maxwell A. Kroft Pranav H. Premnath Claire J. Rogers Karen A. Collins David W. Latham Cristilyn N. Watkins David R. Ciardi Steve B. Howell Arjun B. Savel Perry Berlind Michael L. Calkins Gilbert A. Esquerdo Jessica Mink Catherine A. Clark Michael B. Lund Rachel A. Matson Mark E. Everett Joshua E. Schlieder Elisabeth C. Matthews Steven Giacalone Thomas Barclay Roberto Zambelli Peter Plavchan Taylor Ellingson Michael Bowen Gregor Srdoc Kim K. McLeod Richard P. Schwarz Khalid Barkaoui Jacob Kamler Felipe Murgas Enric Palle Norio Narita Akihiko Fukui Howard M. Relles Allyson Bieryla Eric Girardin Bob Massey Chris Stockdale Pablo Lewin Riccardo Papini Pere Guerra Dennis M. Conti Selçuk Yalçinkaya Özgür Baştürk Ghachoui Mourad OrCAS: Origins, Compositions, and Atmospheres of Sub-Neptunes. I. Survey Definition The Astronomical Journal Exoplanet astronomy Transit photometry Radial velocity Exoplanet atmospheres |
| title | OrCAS: Origins, Compositions, and Atmospheres of Sub-Neptunes. I. Survey Definition |
| title_full | OrCAS: Origins, Compositions, and Atmospheres of Sub-Neptunes. I. Survey Definition |
| title_fullStr | OrCAS: Origins, Compositions, and Atmospheres of Sub-Neptunes. I. Survey Definition |
| title_full_unstemmed | OrCAS: Origins, Compositions, and Atmospheres of Sub-Neptunes. I. Survey Definition |
| title_short | OrCAS: Origins, Compositions, and Atmospheres of Sub-Neptunes. I. Survey Definition |
| title_sort | orcas origins compositions and atmospheres of sub neptunes i survey definition |
| topic | Exoplanet astronomy Transit photometry Radial velocity Exoplanet atmospheres |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad9aa6 |
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