Validation of the Arabic ADHD rating Scale-5 for adolescents in Saudi Arabia using structural equation modeling
Abstract There is an increasing number of studies in the literature on the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), indicating its high prevalence. This study sought to investigate the reliability of the ADHD Rating Scale-5 (ADHD-RS-5) for adolescents in Saudi Arabia as a valid...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Mohammed M. J. Alqahtani Nouf MohammedAl Saud Nawal Mohammed Alsharef Yasser Ad-Dab’bagh Waleed Al-Twaijri Mohammed SalehAlsalhi Ahmad N. AlHadi Elham H. Al-Hifthy Fawwaz Abdulrazaq Alenazi Abdulkarim Alhossein Barakat M. Alotaibi Samirah A. AlGhamdi Boshra A. Arnout Latifah ALQasem Yasser Jubran Alqahtani Nader Alrahili Mahmoud SultanAlsaeed Jeremy Varnham Maysaa W. Buraik Saeed Abdulwahab Asiri |
| author_facet | Mohammed M. J. Alqahtani Nouf MohammedAl Saud Nawal Mohammed Alsharef Yasser Ad-Dab’bagh Waleed Al-Twaijri Mohammed SalehAlsalhi Ahmad N. AlHadi Elham H. Al-Hifthy Fawwaz Abdulrazaq Alenazi Abdulkarim Alhossein Barakat M. Alotaibi Samirah A. AlGhamdi Boshra A. Arnout Latifah ALQasem Yasser Jubran Alqahtani Nader Alrahili Mahmoud SultanAlsaeed Jeremy Varnham Maysaa W. Buraik Saeed Abdulwahab Asiri |
| author_sort | Mohammed M. J. Alqahtani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract There is an increasing number of studies in the literature on the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), indicating its high prevalence. This study sought to investigate the reliability of the ADHD Rating Scale-5 (ADHD-RS-5) for adolescents in Saudi Arabia as a valid screening tool for this age group. Furthermore, it aimed to calculate the cutoff score for screening for ADHD in the Saudi environment to provide a reliable tool that helps specialists assessing for ADHD among adolescents.This study applied a descriptive approach to verify the reliability of the ADHD-RS-5 in the Saudi environment. The sample consisted of 477 parents and 1284 teachers of Saudi and non-Saudi adolescents (aged 13 to below 20 years) residing in Riyadh, Makkah, and the Eastern Province. Both forms of the ADHD-RS-5 (home and school) were applied to the sample under supervision of the Saudi ADHD Society. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 26), JASP (version 0.18.3.0), and MedCalc statistical software (version 22.030).Confirmatory factor analysis results revealed acceptable goodness-of-fit indicators for the home and school forms of the ADHD-RS-5. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for both forms were found to be positive and statistically significant (p > 0.001); the coefficient values ranged between 0.669 and 0.921 for the home form and between 0.795 and 0.954 for the school form. In addition, Cronbach’s α coefficient values for inattention, hyperactivity, impairment, and the scale’s total score for the home form were 0.919, 0.913, 0.952, and 0.952, respectively, while for the school form were 0.955, 0.944, 0.969, and 0.981, respectively. Cronbach’s α coefficient values were close to the values of the McDonald’s ω for the home form (0.920, 0.914, 0.953, and 0.965, respectively) and for the school form (0.955, 0.939, 0.968, and 0.977, respectively). These results indicate that the ADHD-RS-5, both home and school forms, and its subscales have good Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s ω coefficients. The findings also showed that the prevalence of ADHD among adolescents in Saudi Arabia was 5.03% based on the home form and 5.92% based on the school form. The cutoff value to screen for ADHD in adolescents in the Saudi environment for the home form was > 30, with a sensitivity of 91.67% (95% confidence level [CL] = 73–99), a specificity of 86.98% (95% CL = 83.5–89.9), and 81.29% accuracy. However, the cutoff score in the school form was > 28, with a sensitivity of 94.74% (CL = 81.1–98.5), a specificity of 89.65% (CL = 87.8–91.3), and 86.46% accuracy.The current findings suggest that the Arabic version of the ADHD-RS-5-AR has strong psychometric properties, with good indicators of internal consistency and reliability. This study provides valuable information for the national ADHD survey planned to be carried out in 2024–2025. It will also support the preventive efforts in Saudi Arabia and Saudi Vision 2030 in achieving its goals related to the quality of life and well-being of community members of all ages as well as the goals of sustainable development. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-344ea4de36444f43a2027618ce4fe40a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| spelling | doaj-art-344ea4de36444f43a2027618ce4fe40a2025-08-20T04:01:51ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111310.1038/s41598-025-12976-7Validation of the Arabic ADHD rating Scale-5 for adolescents in Saudi Arabia using structural equation modelingMohammed M. J. Alqahtani0Nouf MohammedAl Saud1Nawal Mohammed Alsharef2Yasser Ad-Dab’bagh3Waleed Al-Twaijri4Mohammed SalehAlsalhi5Ahmad N. AlHadi6Elham H. Al-Hifthy7Fawwaz Abdulrazaq Alenazi8Abdulkarim Alhossein9Barakat M. Alotaibi10Samirah A. AlGhamdi11Boshra A. Arnout12Latifah ALQasem13Yasser Jubran Alqahtani14Nader Alrahili15Mahmoud SultanAlsaeed16Jeremy Varnham17Maysaa W. Buraik18Saeed Abdulwahab Asiri19King Khalid UniversityThe Saudi ADHD SocietyThe Saudi ADHD SocietyMental Health Department, Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-DammamDivision of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA)Child Development Center, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital. Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityDepartment of psychiatry, college of medicine, king Saud universityClinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityDevelopmental Behavioral Pediatrics Consultant, King Fahad Medical CitySpecial Education Department, King Saud UniversityInstitute of Public AdministrationMental health lead at Model of Care, HHC/MOHDepartment of Psychology, King Khalid UniversitySaudi Central BankPsychiatry Department, King Fahad Armed Forces HospitalDepartment of psychiatry, college of Medicine, Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic UniversityThe Saudi ADHD SocietyThe Saudi ADHD SocietyClinical Psychology and Counseling Services Unit, Johns Hopkins Aramco HealthcareMental health department, KFMCAbstract There is an increasing number of studies in the literature on the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), indicating its high prevalence. This study sought to investigate the reliability of the ADHD Rating Scale-5 (ADHD-RS-5) for adolescents in Saudi Arabia as a valid screening tool for this age group. Furthermore, it aimed to calculate the cutoff score for screening for ADHD in the Saudi environment to provide a reliable tool that helps specialists assessing for ADHD among adolescents.This study applied a descriptive approach to verify the reliability of the ADHD-RS-5 in the Saudi environment. The sample consisted of 477 parents and 1284 teachers of Saudi and non-Saudi adolescents (aged 13 to below 20 years) residing in Riyadh, Makkah, and the Eastern Province. Both forms of the ADHD-RS-5 (home and school) were applied to the sample under supervision of the Saudi ADHD Society. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 26), JASP (version 0.18.3.0), and MedCalc statistical software (version 22.030).Confirmatory factor analysis results revealed acceptable goodness-of-fit indicators for the home and school forms of the ADHD-RS-5. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for both forms were found to be positive and statistically significant (p > 0.001); the coefficient values ranged between 0.669 and 0.921 for the home form and between 0.795 and 0.954 for the school form. In addition, Cronbach’s α coefficient values for inattention, hyperactivity, impairment, and the scale’s total score for the home form were 0.919, 0.913, 0.952, and 0.952, respectively, while for the school form were 0.955, 0.944, 0.969, and 0.981, respectively. Cronbach’s α coefficient values were close to the values of the McDonald’s ω for the home form (0.920, 0.914, 0.953, and 0.965, respectively) and for the school form (0.955, 0.939, 0.968, and 0.977, respectively). These results indicate that the ADHD-RS-5, both home and school forms, and its subscales have good Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s ω coefficients. The findings also showed that the prevalence of ADHD among adolescents in Saudi Arabia was 5.03% based on the home form and 5.92% based on the school form. The cutoff value to screen for ADHD in adolescents in the Saudi environment for the home form was > 30, with a sensitivity of 91.67% (95% confidence level [CL] = 73–99), a specificity of 86.98% (95% CL = 83.5–89.9), and 81.29% accuracy. However, the cutoff score in the school form was > 28, with a sensitivity of 94.74% (CL = 81.1–98.5), a specificity of 89.65% (CL = 87.8–91.3), and 86.46% accuracy.The current findings suggest that the Arabic version of the ADHD-RS-5-AR has strong psychometric properties, with good indicators of internal consistency and reliability. This study provides valuable information for the national ADHD survey planned to be carried out in 2024–2025. It will also support the preventive efforts in Saudi Arabia and Saudi Vision 2030 in achieving its goals related to the quality of life and well-being of community members of all ages as well as the goals of sustainable development.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-12976-7ADHDReliabilityValidityADHD-RS-5-ARAssessmentInattention |
| spellingShingle | Mohammed M. J. Alqahtani Nouf MohammedAl Saud Nawal Mohammed Alsharef Yasser Ad-Dab’bagh Waleed Al-Twaijri Mohammed SalehAlsalhi Ahmad N. AlHadi Elham H. Al-Hifthy Fawwaz Abdulrazaq Alenazi Abdulkarim Alhossein Barakat M. Alotaibi Samirah A. AlGhamdi Boshra A. Arnout Latifah ALQasem Yasser Jubran Alqahtani Nader Alrahili Mahmoud SultanAlsaeed Jeremy Varnham Maysaa W. Buraik Saeed Abdulwahab Asiri Validation of the Arabic ADHD rating Scale-5 for adolescents in Saudi Arabia using structural equation modeling Scientific Reports ADHD Reliability Validity ADHD-RS-5-AR Assessment Inattention |
| title | Validation of the Arabic ADHD rating Scale-5 for adolescents in Saudi Arabia using structural equation modeling |
| title_full | Validation of the Arabic ADHD rating Scale-5 for adolescents in Saudi Arabia using structural equation modeling |
| title_fullStr | Validation of the Arabic ADHD rating Scale-5 for adolescents in Saudi Arabia using structural equation modeling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Validation of the Arabic ADHD rating Scale-5 for adolescents in Saudi Arabia using structural equation modeling |
| title_short | Validation of the Arabic ADHD rating Scale-5 for adolescents in Saudi Arabia using structural equation modeling |
| title_sort | validation of the arabic adhd rating scale 5 for adolescents in saudi arabia using structural equation modeling |
| topic | ADHD Reliability Validity ADHD-RS-5-AR Assessment Inattention |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-12976-7 |
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