mNSF: multi-sample non-negative spatial factorization

Abstract Analyzing multi-sample spatial transcriptomics data requires accounting for biological variation. We present multi-sample non-negative spatial factorization (mNSF), an alignment-free framework extending single-sample spatial factorization to multi-sample datasets. mNSF incorporates sample-s...

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Main Authors: Yi Wang, Kyla Woyshner, Chaichontat Sriworarat, Genevieve Stein-O’Brien, Loyal A. Goff, Kasper D. Hansen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-06-01
Series:Genome Biology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-025-03601-x
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author Yi Wang
Kyla Woyshner
Chaichontat Sriworarat
Genevieve Stein-O’Brien
Loyal A. Goff
Kasper D. Hansen
author_facet Yi Wang
Kyla Woyshner
Chaichontat Sriworarat
Genevieve Stein-O’Brien
Loyal A. Goff
Kasper D. Hansen
author_sort Yi Wang
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Analyzing multi-sample spatial transcriptomics data requires accounting for biological variation. We present multi-sample non-negative spatial factorization (mNSF), an alignment-free framework extending single-sample spatial factorization to multi-sample datasets. mNSF incorporates sample-specific spatial correlation modeling and extracts low-dimensional data representations. Through simulations and real data analysis, we demonstrate mNSF’s efficacy in identifying true factors, shared anatomical regions, and region-specific biological functions. mNSF’s performance is comparable to alignment-based methods when alignment is feasible, while enabling analysis in scenarios where spatial alignment is unfeasible. mNSF shows promise as a robust method for analyzing spatially resolved transcriptomics data across multiple samples.
format Article
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institution OA Journals
issn 1474-760X
language English
publishDate 2025-06-01
publisher BMC
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series Genome Biology
spelling doaj-art-33e21c8feecc4440b73e77c44a532fba2025-08-20T02:30:41ZengBMCGenome Biology1474-760X2025-06-0126112810.1186/s13059-025-03601-xmNSF: multi-sample non-negative spatial factorizationYi Wang0Kyla Woyshner1Chaichontat Sriworarat2Genevieve Stein-O’Brien3Loyal A. Goff4Kasper D. Hansen5Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthDepartment of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineDepartment of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineDepartment of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineDepartment of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of MedicineDepartment of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthAbstract Analyzing multi-sample spatial transcriptomics data requires accounting for biological variation. We present multi-sample non-negative spatial factorization (mNSF), an alignment-free framework extending single-sample spatial factorization to multi-sample datasets. mNSF incorporates sample-specific spatial correlation modeling and extracts low-dimensional data representations. Through simulations and real data analysis, we demonstrate mNSF’s efficacy in identifying true factors, shared anatomical regions, and region-specific biological functions. mNSF’s performance is comparable to alignment-based methods when alignment is feasible, while enabling analysis in scenarios where spatial alignment is unfeasible. mNSF shows promise as a robust method for analyzing spatially resolved transcriptomics data across multiple samples.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-025-03601-xSpatial transcriptomicsMatrix factorizationMulti-sample analysisDimensionality reductionSpatial gene expression
spellingShingle Yi Wang
Kyla Woyshner
Chaichontat Sriworarat
Genevieve Stein-O’Brien
Loyal A. Goff
Kasper D. Hansen
mNSF: multi-sample non-negative spatial factorization
Genome Biology
Spatial transcriptomics
Matrix factorization
Multi-sample analysis
Dimensionality reduction
Spatial gene expression
title mNSF: multi-sample non-negative spatial factorization
title_full mNSF: multi-sample non-negative spatial factorization
title_fullStr mNSF: multi-sample non-negative spatial factorization
title_full_unstemmed mNSF: multi-sample non-negative spatial factorization
title_short mNSF: multi-sample non-negative spatial factorization
title_sort mnsf multi sample non negative spatial factorization
topic Spatial transcriptomics
Matrix factorization
Multi-sample analysis
Dimensionality reduction
Spatial gene expression
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-025-03601-x
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