Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Water of the Halda River: A Distinctive Breeding Habitat for Carp Fish in Bangladesh
ABSTRACT Background The present study aimed to assess the heavy metal concentrations in water from different sampling sites of the Halda River, the only natural breeding ground of Indian major carps. Objectives We have analysed the contamination level and seasonal variations of heavy metals (viz. Fe...
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Wiley
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Veterinary Medicine and Science |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70078 |
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| author | Afsana Kamal Md. Manzoorul Kibria Shahadat Hossain Chowdhury Kaiser Mahmud Rashmi Roy Nighat Sultana Resma |
| author_facet | Afsana Kamal Md. Manzoorul Kibria Shahadat Hossain Chowdhury Kaiser Mahmud Rashmi Roy Nighat Sultana Resma |
| author_sort | Afsana Kamal |
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| description | ABSTRACT Background The present study aimed to assess the heavy metal concentrations in water from different sampling sites of the Halda River, the only natural breeding ground of Indian major carps. Objectives We have analysed the contamination level and seasonal variations of heavy metals (viz. Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb). The favourability of the breeding environment was assessed by different contamination indices. Methods Samples were collected from six sampling sites for four different seasons, and the metal concentrations were determined for water samples using Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results The obtained order of mean concentrations of heavy metals for four seasons was winter > spring > monsoon > pre‐monsoon, and the assessed mean concentrations (mg/L) of heavy metals follow the trend: Fe (9.129) > Pb (0.033) > Zn (0.024) > Cr (0.017) > Cu (0.012) > Cd (0.002). The concentration of Fe was found above the permissible limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Guidelines for Water Quality) and ECR (1997), and the concentrations for Pb were found above the USEPA (2006) limit in all four seasons. Contamination indices (heavy metal pollution Index [HPI] and metal index [MI]) indicate that during winter and monsoon, the river water metal condition is critical (HPI > 100) and the sites are moderately as well as slightly (1< MI <2) affected by the studied heavy metals. Contamination indices, such as contamination factors (Cf), degree of contamination (Cdeg) and the pollution load index (PLI), demonstrate the fact that Fe and Pb remarkably contaminated the studied sampling sites. The Pearson correlation matrix and the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the studied metals are connected by their sources, which can be geological or anthropogenic. Conclusion Urgent initiatives need to be taken, and effective strategies must be implemented to control the different sources responsible for the entry of heavy metals into the Halda River water. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2053-1095 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
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| series | Veterinary Medicine and Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-33bbf4ac91d4496dbfdb9e77e72922ba2025-01-20T17:16:45ZengWileyVeterinary Medicine and Science2053-10952024-11-01106n/an/a10.1002/vms3.70078Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Water of the Halda River: A Distinctive Breeding Habitat for Carp Fish in BangladeshAfsana Kamal0Md. Manzoorul Kibria1Shahadat Hossain2Chowdhury Kaiser Mahmud3Rashmi Roy4Nighat Sultana Resma5Department of Zoology University of Chittagong Chattogram BangladeshDepartment of Zoology University of Chittagong Chattogram BangladeshAtomic Energy Centre Chattogram, Bangladesh Atomic Energy CommissionAtomic Energy Centre Chattogram, Bangladesh Atomic Energy CommissionAtomic Energy Centre Chattogram, Bangladesh Atomic Energy CommissionAtomic Energy Centre Chattogram, Bangladesh Atomic Energy CommissionABSTRACT Background The present study aimed to assess the heavy metal concentrations in water from different sampling sites of the Halda River, the only natural breeding ground of Indian major carps. Objectives We have analysed the contamination level and seasonal variations of heavy metals (viz. Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb). The favourability of the breeding environment was assessed by different contamination indices. Methods Samples were collected from six sampling sites for four different seasons, and the metal concentrations were determined for water samples using Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results The obtained order of mean concentrations of heavy metals for four seasons was winter > spring > monsoon > pre‐monsoon, and the assessed mean concentrations (mg/L) of heavy metals follow the trend: Fe (9.129) > Pb (0.033) > Zn (0.024) > Cr (0.017) > Cu (0.012) > Cd (0.002). The concentration of Fe was found above the permissible limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Guidelines for Water Quality) and ECR (1997), and the concentrations for Pb were found above the USEPA (2006) limit in all four seasons. Contamination indices (heavy metal pollution Index [HPI] and metal index [MI]) indicate that during winter and monsoon, the river water metal condition is critical (HPI > 100) and the sites are moderately as well as slightly (1< MI <2) affected by the studied heavy metals. Contamination indices, such as contamination factors (Cf), degree of contamination (Cdeg) and the pollution load index (PLI), demonstrate the fact that Fe and Pb remarkably contaminated the studied sampling sites. The Pearson correlation matrix and the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the studied metals are connected by their sources, which can be geological or anthropogenic. Conclusion Urgent initiatives need to be taken, and effective strategies must be implemented to control the different sources responsible for the entry of heavy metals into the Halda River water.https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70078Halda River waterHeavy metal contaminationRisk analysisSeasonal variation |
| spellingShingle | Afsana Kamal Md. Manzoorul Kibria Shahadat Hossain Chowdhury Kaiser Mahmud Rashmi Roy Nighat Sultana Resma Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Water of the Halda River: A Distinctive Breeding Habitat for Carp Fish in Bangladesh Veterinary Medicine and Science Halda River water Heavy metal contamination Risk analysis Seasonal variation |
| title | Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Water of the Halda River: A Distinctive Breeding Habitat for Carp Fish in Bangladesh |
| title_full | Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Water of the Halda River: A Distinctive Breeding Habitat for Carp Fish in Bangladesh |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Water of the Halda River: A Distinctive Breeding Habitat for Carp Fish in Bangladesh |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Water of the Halda River: A Distinctive Breeding Habitat for Carp Fish in Bangladesh |
| title_short | Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Water of the Halda River: A Distinctive Breeding Habitat for Carp Fish in Bangladesh |
| title_sort | analysis of heavy metal pollution in the water of the halda river a distinctive breeding habitat for carp fish in bangladesh |
| topic | Halda River water Heavy metal contamination Risk analysis Seasonal variation |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70078 |
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