Neurofeedback and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review on the potential and challenges
Abstract Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by chronic symptoms in adulthood. Since traditional interventions via stimulant medication and behaviour therapies also have their own restrictions of side effects, cost-ineffectiveness...
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
SpringerOpen
2025-07-01
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| Series: | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-025-00999-w |
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| Summary: | Abstract Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by chronic symptoms in adulthood. Since traditional interventions via stimulant medication and behaviour therapies also have their own restrictions of side effects, cost-ineffectiveness, and poor compliance of patients, there has been thought given to a safer and more acceptable method of treatment utilising neurofeedback (NF). The current narrative review assessed the efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and ethical considerations of the application of NF as a treatment for ADHD. A targeted literature search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus (2014–2024), prioritising randomised controlled trials (RCTs), meta-analyses, and clinical studies. Review of USA and Malaysia government publications were also searched. Selection was based on relevance of study, findings comprehensiveness, and study methodological quality. Results NF demonstrated medium to large effect sizes in improving attention and reducing hyperactivity, with long-term effects lasting up to 12 months following treatment. Compared to medications, NF had fewer side effects but inconsistent efficacy, with some research showing improved outcomes and others preferring pharmacotherapy. Cost analyses reported higher initial NF costs but potential long-term savings relative to continuing medication use. Challenges were inconsistent protocols, loopholes in regulations, and incomplete insurance coverage. Conclusion NF is a powerful ADHD treatment that is long-acting and well-tolerated. However, standardisation, cost-effectiveness, and further large-scale studies are needed to find its place in clinical practice. Integrative approaches that involve NF plus standard treatments could optimise outcomes. |
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| ISSN: | 1687-8329 |