Electrocatalytic benchmarking of ruthenium-based bimetallic anodes for the electrocatalytic oxidation of biomass-derived wastewater

In this paper, we report on the synthesis, characterization, and use of ruthenium oxide (RuO2) doped with a secondary metal (M2) (i.e., RuM2) to enhance electrocatalytic activity and stability for the electrocatalytic oxidation (ECO) of biomass-derived wastewaters. We used different electrochemical...

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Main Authors: Lyndi E. Strange, Bhanupriya Boruah, Nickolas W. Riedel, Mark E. Bowden, Mark H. Engelhard, Juan A. Lopez-Ruiz
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-09-01
Series:Applied Catalysis O: Open
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950648425000306
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author Lyndi E. Strange
Bhanupriya Boruah
Nickolas W. Riedel
Mark E. Bowden
Mark H. Engelhard
Juan A. Lopez-Ruiz
author_facet Lyndi E. Strange
Bhanupriya Boruah
Nickolas W. Riedel
Mark E. Bowden
Mark H. Engelhard
Juan A. Lopez-Ruiz
author_sort Lyndi E. Strange
collection DOAJ
description In this paper, we report on the synthesis, characterization, and use of ruthenium oxide (RuO2) doped with a secondary metal (M2) (i.e., RuM2) to enhance electrocatalytic activity and stability for the electrocatalytic oxidation (ECO) of biomass-derived wastewaters. We used different electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical active surface area (ECSA), and activity analysis (analogous to the Tafel analysis) as well as physical characterization such as grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to understand how the addition of M2 affects electrocatalytic performance. Since the electrode surface can restructure once the RuM2 anodes are exposed to reaction conditions, the physical properties of the fresh RuM2s might not accurately represent the anode surface under reaction conditions. Therefore, we characterized the RuM2 using our proposed in situ electrocatalytic benchmarking protocol. We observed an increase in ECSA, which may be attributed to enhanced charge transfer for the pH ranges evaluated. Furthermore, the presence of organic (and inorganic) compounds in wastewater generated during the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL-WW) of food waste impacted the ECO performance in varied ways, depending on M2, the electrolyte composition, and anodic half-cell potential, thereby highlighting the importance of characterizing the RuM2s under realistic reaction regimes. The in situ electrocatalytic benchmarking protocol can quickly assess if the presence of M2 improves the ECO performance, thus saving time and resources compared to excessive ex situ physical characterization, testing, and product analysis. This foundational work provides the basis for characterization and benchmarking of electrodes for the ECO of organic compounds.
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spelling doaj-art-337af1e34f804c97bcbbcbbed644ef212025-08-20T03:36:18ZengElsevierApplied Catalysis O: Open2950-64842025-09-0120620705510.1016/j.apcato.2025.207055Electrocatalytic benchmarking of ruthenium-based bimetallic anodes for the electrocatalytic oxidation of biomass-derived wastewaterLyndi E. Strange0Bhanupriya Boruah1Nickolas W. Riedel2Mark E. Bowden3Mark H. Engelhard4Juan A. Lopez-Ruiz5Institute for Integrated Catalysts, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99354, United States of AmericaInstitute for Integrated Catalysts, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America; WSU-PNNL Bioproducts Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, United States of AmericaInstitute for Integrated Catalysts, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America; WSU-PNNL Bioproducts Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, United States of AmericaPhysical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99354, United States of AmericaInstitute for Integrated Catalysts, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99354, United States of AmericaInstitute for Integrated Catalysts, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America; WSU-PNNL Bioproducts Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America; Corresponding author at: Institute for Integrated Catalysts, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America.In this paper, we report on the synthesis, characterization, and use of ruthenium oxide (RuO2) doped with a secondary metal (M2) (i.e., RuM2) to enhance electrocatalytic activity and stability for the electrocatalytic oxidation (ECO) of biomass-derived wastewaters. We used different electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical active surface area (ECSA), and activity analysis (analogous to the Tafel analysis) as well as physical characterization such as grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to understand how the addition of M2 affects electrocatalytic performance. Since the electrode surface can restructure once the RuM2 anodes are exposed to reaction conditions, the physical properties of the fresh RuM2s might not accurately represent the anode surface under reaction conditions. Therefore, we characterized the RuM2 using our proposed in situ electrocatalytic benchmarking protocol. We observed an increase in ECSA, which may be attributed to enhanced charge transfer for the pH ranges evaluated. Furthermore, the presence of organic (and inorganic) compounds in wastewater generated during the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL-WW) of food waste impacted the ECO performance in varied ways, depending on M2, the electrolyte composition, and anodic half-cell potential, thereby highlighting the importance of characterizing the RuM2s under realistic reaction regimes. The in situ electrocatalytic benchmarking protocol can quickly assess if the presence of M2 improves the ECO performance, thus saving time and resources compared to excessive ex situ physical characterization, testing, and product analysis. This foundational work provides the basis for characterization and benchmarking of electrodes for the ECO of organic compounds.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950648425000306ElectrocatalysisIn situ electrocatalytic benchmarkingWastewater oxidationElectrocatalyst characterization
spellingShingle Lyndi E. Strange
Bhanupriya Boruah
Nickolas W. Riedel
Mark E. Bowden
Mark H. Engelhard
Juan A. Lopez-Ruiz
Electrocatalytic benchmarking of ruthenium-based bimetallic anodes for the electrocatalytic oxidation of biomass-derived wastewater
Applied Catalysis O: Open
Electrocatalysis
In situ electrocatalytic benchmarking
Wastewater oxidation
Electrocatalyst characterization
title Electrocatalytic benchmarking of ruthenium-based bimetallic anodes for the electrocatalytic oxidation of biomass-derived wastewater
title_full Electrocatalytic benchmarking of ruthenium-based bimetallic anodes for the electrocatalytic oxidation of biomass-derived wastewater
title_fullStr Electrocatalytic benchmarking of ruthenium-based bimetallic anodes for the electrocatalytic oxidation of biomass-derived wastewater
title_full_unstemmed Electrocatalytic benchmarking of ruthenium-based bimetallic anodes for the electrocatalytic oxidation of biomass-derived wastewater
title_short Electrocatalytic benchmarking of ruthenium-based bimetallic anodes for the electrocatalytic oxidation of biomass-derived wastewater
title_sort electrocatalytic benchmarking of ruthenium based bimetallic anodes for the electrocatalytic oxidation of biomass derived wastewater
topic Electrocatalysis
In situ electrocatalytic benchmarking
Wastewater oxidation
Electrocatalyst characterization
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950648425000306
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