PS1-11aop: Probing the Mass-loss History of a Luminous Interacting Supernova Prior to Its Final Eruption with Multiwavelength Observations
Luminous interacting supernovae (SNe) are a class of stellar explosions whose progenitors underwent vigorous mass loss in the years prior to core collapse. While the mechanism by which this material is ejected is still debated, obtaining the full density profile of the circumstellar medium (CSM) cou...
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2025-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9336 |
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| author | Adaeze L. Ibik Maria R. Drout Raffaella Margutti David Matthews V. Ashley Villar Edo Berger Ryan Chornock Kate D. Alexander Tarraneh Eftekhari Tanmoy Laskar Ragnhild Lunnan Ryan J. Foley David Jones Dan Milisavljevic Armin Rest Daniel Scolnic Peter K. G. Williams |
| author_facet | Adaeze L. Ibik Maria R. Drout Raffaella Margutti David Matthews V. Ashley Villar Edo Berger Ryan Chornock Kate D. Alexander Tarraneh Eftekhari Tanmoy Laskar Ragnhild Lunnan Ryan J. Foley David Jones Dan Milisavljevic Armin Rest Daniel Scolnic Peter K. G. Williams |
| author_sort | Adaeze L. Ibik |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Luminous interacting supernovae (SNe) are a class of stellar explosions whose progenitors underwent vigorous mass loss in the years prior to core collapse. While the mechanism by which this material is ejected is still debated, obtaining the full density profile of the circumstellar medium (CSM) could reveal more about this process. Here, we present an extensive multiwavelength study of PS1-11aop, a luminous and slowly declining Type IIn SNe discovered by the Pan-STARRS Medium Deep Survey. PS1-11aop had a peak r -band magnitude of −20.5 mag, a total radiated energy >8 × 10 ^50 erg, and it exploded near the center of a star-forming galaxy with super-solar metallicity. We obtained multiple detections at the location of PS1-11aop in the radio and X-ray bands between 4 and 10 yr post-explosion, and if due to the supernova (SN), it is one of the most luminous radio SNe identified to date. Taken together, the multiwavelength properties of PS1-11aop are consistent with a CSM density profile with multiple zones. The early optical emission is consistent with the SN blastwave interacting with a dense and confined CSM shell, which contains multiple solar masses of material that was likely ejected in the final <10–100 yr prior to the explosion, (∼0.05−1.0 M _⊙ yr ^−1 at radii of ≲10 ^16 cm). The radio observations, on the other hand, are consistent with a sparser environment (≲2 × 10 ^−3 M _⊙ yr ^−1 at radii of ∼0.5–1 × 10 ^17 cm)—thus probing the history of the progenitor star prior to its final mass-loss episode. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3350ffe1b9b749b3920fc37f7bb4ddf5 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-3350ffe1b9b749b3920fc37f7bb4ddf52025-01-15T07:39:09ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-0197911610.3847/1538-4357/ad9336PS1-11aop: Probing the Mass-loss History of a Luminous Interacting Supernova Prior to Its Final Eruption with Multiwavelength ObservationsAdaeze L. Ibik0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2405-2967Maria R. Drout1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7081-0082Raffaella Margutti2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4768-7586David Matthews3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4513-3849V. Ashley Villar4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5814-4061Edo Berger5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-9681Ryan Chornock6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7706-5668Kate D. Alexander7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8297-2473Tarraneh Eftekhari8https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-9984Tanmoy Laskar9https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1792-2338Ragnhild Lunnan10https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9454-4639Ryan J. Foley11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-5275David Jones12https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6230-0151Dan Milisavljevic13https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0763-3885Armin Rest14https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4410-5387Daniel Scolnic15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4934-5849Peter K. G. Williams16https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3734-3587David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada ; adaeze.ibik@mail.utoronto.ca; Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, CanadaDavid A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada ; adaeze.ibik@mail.utoronto.ca; Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, CanadaDepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA; Department of Physics, University of California , 366 Physics North MC 7300, Berkeley, CA 94720, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA; Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USA; The NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions , Boston, MA, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USADepartment of Astronomy and Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721-0065, USACenter for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USADepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USAThe Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University , AlbaNova, SE-10691 Stockholm, SwedenDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USAInstitute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii , 640 N. Aâohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAPurdue University , Department of Physics and Astronomy, 525 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USASpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Physics & Astronomy, Bloomberg Center for Physics and Astronomy , Room 366 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USADepartment of Physics, Duke University , Durham, NC 27708, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-1516, USALuminous interacting supernovae (SNe) are a class of stellar explosions whose progenitors underwent vigorous mass loss in the years prior to core collapse. While the mechanism by which this material is ejected is still debated, obtaining the full density profile of the circumstellar medium (CSM) could reveal more about this process. Here, we present an extensive multiwavelength study of PS1-11aop, a luminous and slowly declining Type IIn SNe discovered by the Pan-STARRS Medium Deep Survey. PS1-11aop had a peak r -band magnitude of −20.5 mag, a total radiated energy >8 × 10 ^50 erg, and it exploded near the center of a star-forming galaxy with super-solar metallicity. We obtained multiple detections at the location of PS1-11aop in the radio and X-ray bands between 4 and 10 yr post-explosion, and if due to the supernova (SN), it is one of the most luminous radio SNe identified to date. Taken together, the multiwavelength properties of PS1-11aop are consistent with a CSM density profile with multiple zones. The early optical emission is consistent with the SN blastwave interacting with a dense and confined CSM shell, which contains multiple solar masses of material that was likely ejected in the final <10–100 yr prior to the explosion, (∼0.05−1.0 M _⊙ yr ^−1 at radii of ≲10 ^16 cm). The radio observations, on the other hand, are consistent with a sparser environment (≲2 × 10 ^−3 M _⊙ yr ^−1 at radii of ∼0.5–1 × 10 ^17 cm)—thus probing the history of the progenitor star prior to its final mass-loss episode.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9336Core-collapse supernovaeStellar mass lossRadio transient sources |
| spellingShingle | Adaeze L. Ibik Maria R. Drout Raffaella Margutti David Matthews V. Ashley Villar Edo Berger Ryan Chornock Kate D. Alexander Tarraneh Eftekhari Tanmoy Laskar Ragnhild Lunnan Ryan J. Foley David Jones Dan Milisavljevic Armin Rest Daniel Scolnic Peter K. G. Williams PS1-11aop: Probing the Mass-loss History of a Luminous Interacting Supernova Prior to Its Final Eruption with Multiwavelength Observations The Astrophysical Journal Core-collapse supernovae Stellar mass loss Radio transient sources |
| title | PS1-11aop: Probing the Mass-loss History of a Luminous Interacting Supernova Prior to Its Final Eruption with Multiwavelength Observations |
| title_full | PS1-11aop: Probing the Mass-loss History of a Luminous Interacting Supernova Prior to Its Final Eruption with Multiwavelength Observations |
| title_fullStr | PS1-11aop: Probing the Mass-loss History of a Luminous Interacting Supernova Prior to Its Final Eruption with Multiwavelength Observations |
| title_full_unstemmed | PS1-11aop: Probing the Mass-loss History of a Luminous Interacting Supernova Prior to Its Final Eruption with Multiwavelength Observations |
| title_short | PS1-11aop: Probing the Mass-loss History of a Luminous Interacting Supernova Prior to Its Final Eruption with Multiwavelength Observations |
| title_sort | ps1 11aop probing the mass loss history of a luminous interacting supernova prior to its final eruption with multiwavelength observations |
| topic | Core-collapse supernovae Stellar mass loss Radio transient sources |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9336 |
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