Identifying Common Patterns in the Time of Day of Mindfulness Meditation Associated with Long-Term Maintenance

Forming a habit of practicing mindfulness meditation around the same time of day is one strategy that may support long-term maintenance and in turn improve physical and mental health. The purpose of this study was to identify common patterns in the time of day of meditation associated with long-term...

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Main Authors: Rylan Fowers, Aurel Coza, Yunro Chung, Hassan Ghasemzadeh, Sara Cloonan, Jennifer Huberty, Vincent Berardi, Chad Stecher
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Behavioral Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/15/3/381
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author Rylan Fowers
Aurel Coza
Yunro Chung
Hassan Ghasemzadeh
Sara Cloonan
Jennifer Huberty
Vincent Berardi
Chad Stecher
author_facet Rylan Fowers
Aurel Coza
Yunro Chung
Hassan Ghasemzadeh
Sara Cloonan
Jennifer Huberty
Vincent Berardi
Chad Stecher
author_sort Rylan Fowers
collection DOAJ
description Forming a habit of practicing mindfulness meditation around the same time of day is one strategy that may support long-term maintenance and in turn improve physical and mental health. The purpose of this study was to identify common patterns in the time of day of meditation associated with long-term meditation app use to assess the importance of temporal consistency for maintaining meditation over time. App usage data were collected from a random sample of 15,000 users who had paid for an annual membership to a commercial meditation app in 2017. We constructed three measures of temporal consistency in the time of day of meditation sessions in order to categorize users into one of three behavioral phenotypes: Consistent, Inconsistent, or Indeterminate. Panel data models were used to compare temporal consistency across the three phenotypes. Of the 4205 users (28.0%) in the final analytic sample, 1659 (39.5%) users were Consistent, 2326 (55.3%) were Inconsistent, and 220 users (5.23%) were Indeterminate. Panel models confirmed that temporal consistency had contrasting relationships with meditation maintenance among these three phenotypes (<i>p</i> < 0.01). These findings revealed that temporal consistency was associated with meditation maintenance for less than half of app users, which suggests that other behavioral mechanisms in addition to temporally consistent habits can support meditation app use over time. This has important implications for researchers and policymakers trying to promote the maintenance of meditation and other complex health behaviors, such as increased physical activity and healthier diets.
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spelling doaj-art-334e29ac7b2a42e39799ad8b71ab591d2025-08-20T03:43:34ZengMDPI AGBehavioral Sciences2076-328X2025-03-0115338110.3390/bs15030381Identifying Common Patterns in the Time of Day of Mindfulness Meditation Associated with Long-Term MaintenanceRylan Fowers0Aurel Coza1Yunro Chung2Hassan Ghasemzadeh3Sara Cloonan4Jennifer Huberty5Vincent Berardi6Chad Stecher7Select Health, Murray, UT 84123, USACorporate Engagement & Strategic Partnerships, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USACollege of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USACollege of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USADepartment of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USAFit Minded Inc., Phoenix, AZ 85032, USACrean College of Health and Behavioral Science, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USACollege of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USAForming a habit of practicing mindfulness meditation around the same time of day is one strategy that may support long-term maintenance and in turn improve physical and mental health. The purpose of this study was to identify common patterns in the time of day of meditation associated with long-term meditation app use to assess the importance of temporal consistency for maintaining meditation over time. App usage data were collected from a random sample of 15,000 users who had paid for an annual membership to a commercial meditation app in 2017. We constructed three measures of temporal consistency in the time of day of meditation sessions in order to categorize users into one of three behavioral phenotypes: Consistent, Inconsistent, or Indeterminate. Panel data models were used to compare temporal consistency across the three phenotypes. Of the 4205 users (28.0%) in the final analytic sample, 1659 (39.5%) users were Consistent, 2326 (55.3%) were Inconsistent, and 220 users (5.23%) were Indeterminate. Panel models confirmed that temporal consistency had contrasting relationships with meditation maintenance among these three phenotypes (<i>p</i> < 0.01). These findings revealed that temporal consistency was associated with meditation maintenance for less than half of app users, which suggests that other behavioral mechanisms in addition to temporally consistent habits can support meditation app use over time. This has important implications for researchers and policymakers trying to promote the maintenance of meditation and other complex health behaviors, such as increased physical activity and healthier diets.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/15/3/381behavior maintenancemindfulness meditationtemporal consistencyhabit formationapp engagement
spellingShingle Rylan Fowers
Aurel Coza
Yunro Chung
Hassan Ghasemzadeh
Sara Cloonan
Jennifer Huberty
Vincent Berardi
Chad Stecher
Identifying Common Patterns in the Time of Day of Mindfulness Meditation Associated with Long-Term Maintenance
Behavioral Sciences
behavior maintenance
mindfulness meditation
temporal consistency
habit formation
app engagement
title Identifying Common Patterns in the Time of Day of Mindfulness Meditation Associated with Long-Term Maintenance
title_full Identifying Common Patterns in the Time of Day of Mindfulness Meditation Associated with Long-Term Maintenance
title_fullStr Identifying Common Patterns in the Time of Day of Mindfulness Meditation Associated with Long-Term Maintenance
title_full_unstemmed Identifying Common Patterns in the Time of Day of Mindfulness Meditation Associated with Long-Term Maintenance
title_short Identifying Common Patterns in the Time of Day of Mindfulness Meditation Associated with Long-Term Maintenance
title_sort identifying common patterns in the time of day of mindfulness meditation associated with long term maintenance
topic behavior maintenance
mindfulness meditation
temporal consistency
habit formation
app engagement
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/15/3/381
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