The Protective Effects and Immunological Responses Induced by a Carboxymethyl Cellulose Microcapsule-Coated Inactivated Vaccine Against Largemouth Bass Ranavirus (LMBRaV) in Largemouth Bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>)
Background: Epizootics of largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBRaV) in largemouth bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>) populations are associated with elevated mortality and significant financial losses. Given the lack of effective and safe medication to treat this disease, oral vaccination, whi...
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MDPI AG
2025-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/3/233 |
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| author | Jiale Zhai Yuding Fan Yiqun Li Mingyang Xue Yan Meng Zhenyu Huang Jie Ma Yong Zhou Nan Jiang |
| author_facet | Jiale Zhai Yuding Fan Yiqun Li Mingyang Xue Yan Meng Zhenyu Huang Jie Ma Yong Zhou Nan Jiang |
| author_sort | Jiale Zhai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Epizootics of largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBRaV) in largemouth bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>) populations are associated with elevated mortality and significant financial losses. Given the lack of effective and safe medication to treat this disease, oral vaccination, which directly targets the intestinal mucosal immune system, is crucial for disease resistance. Methods: This study utilized carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to coat LMBRaV inactivated vaccine (LIV) (micro-CMC@LIV). The morphology and characteristics of the CMC microcapsules were determined. In vitro simulated gastric and intestinal conditions were used to validate that the microcapsules could tolerate gastric conditions and subsequently release their contents in the intestinal tract. This was confirmed using CMC-coated coumarin 6 (C6) fluorescence microcapsules. Results: After the oral administration of micro-CMC@LIV, the detection of LMBRaV major capsid protein confirmed effective antigen release and absorption in the midgut and hindgut. Neutralizing antibody titers were significantly higher (1:81.71) in the micro-CMC@LIV group compared to the uncoated vaccine group (1:21.69). The expression of genes linked to the innate and adaptive immune systems was upregulated post-micro-CMC@LIV treatment. Following the LMBRaV challenge, the micro-CMC@LIV group exhibited a relative percent survival (RPS) of 82.14%, significantly higher than the uncoated vaccine group (61.61%). Droplet digital PCR analysis revealed significantly lower viral loads in the liver, spleen, and head kidney of the micro-CMC@LIV group compared to the control group and the uncoated vaccine group. Conclusions: These results collectively suggest that the CMC-coated LIV can be effectively delivered to the intestinal tract and induce robust antibody and immune responses, providing a reliable method for preventing and controlling LMBRaV disease in the largemouth bass industry. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-333608f068cb49218585b1e76dc85ef2 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj-art-333608f068cb49218585b1e76dc85ef22025-08-20T01:49:08ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2025-02-0113323310.3390/vaccines13030233The Protective Effects and Immunological Responses Induced by a Carboxymethyl Cellulose Microcapsule-Coated Inactivated Vaccine Against Largemouth Bass Ranavirus (LMBRaV) in Largemouth Bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>)Jiale Zhai0Yuding Fan1Yiqun Li2Mingyang Xue3Yan Meng4Zhenyu Huang5Jie Ma6Yong Zhou7Nan Jiang8Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, ChinaDivision of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, ChinaDivision of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, ChinaDivision of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, ChinaDivision of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, ChinaDivision of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, ChinaDepartment of Fish and Wildlife Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USADivision of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, ChinaDivision of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, ChinaBackground: Epizootics of largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBRaV) in largemouth bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>) populations are associated with elevated mortality and significant financial losses. Given the lack of effective and safe medication to treat this disease, oral vaccination, which directly targets the intestinal mucosal immune system, is crucial for disease resistance. Methods: This study utilized carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to coat LMBRaV inactivated vaccine (LIV) (micro-CMC@LIV). The morphology and characteristics of the CMC microcapsules were determined. In vitro simulated gastric and intestinal conditions were used to validate that the microcapsules could tolerate gastric conditions and subsequently release their contents in the intestinal tract. This was confirmed using CMC-coated coumarin 6 (C6) fluorescence microcapsules. Results: After the oral administration of micro-CMC@LIV, the detection of LMBRaV major capsid protein confirmed effective antigen release and absorption in the midgut and hindgut. Neutralizing antibody titers were significantly higher (1:81.71) in the micro-CMC@LIV group compared to the uncoated vaccine group (1:21.69). The expression of genes linked to the innate and adaptive immune systems was upregulated post-micro-CMC@LIV treatment. Following the LMBRaV challenge, the micro-CMC@LIV group exhibited a relative percent survival (RPS) of 82.14%, significantly higher than the uncoated vaccine group (61.61%). Droplet digital PCR analysis revealed significantly lower viral loads in the liver, spleen, and head kidney of the micro-CMC@LIV group compared to the control group and the uncoated vaccine group. Conclusions: These results collectively suggest that the CMC-coated LIV can be effectively delivered to the intestinal tract and induce robust antibody and immune responses, providing a reliable method for preventing and controlling LMBRaV disease in the largemouth bass industry.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/3/233<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>largemouth bass ranavirusvaccinemicrocapsule |
| spellingShingle | Jiale Zhai Yuding Fan Yiqun Li Mingyang Xue Yan Meng Zhenyu Huang Jie Ma Yong Zhou Nan Jiang The Protective Effects and Immunological Responses Induced by a Carboxymethyl Cellulose Microcapsule-Coated Inactivated Vaccine Against Largemouth Bass Ranavirus (LMBRaV) in Largemouth Bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>) Vaccines <i>Micropterus salmoides</i> largemouth bass ranavirus vaccine microcapsule |
| title | The Protective Effects and Immunological Responses Induced by a Carboxymethyl Cellulose Microcapsule-Coated Inactivated Vaccine Against Largemouth Bass Ranavirus (LMBRaV) in Largemouth Bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>) |
| title_full | The Protective Effects and Immunological Responses Induced by a Carboxymethyl Cellulose Microcapsule-Coated Inactivated Vaccine Against Largemouth Bass Ranavirus (LMBRaV) in Largemouth Bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>) |
| title_fullStr | The Protective Effects and Immunological Responses Induced by a Carboxymethyl Cellulose Microcapsule-Coated Inactivated Vaccine Against Largemouth Bass Ranavirus (LMBRaV) in Largemouth Bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Protective Effects and Immunological Responses Induced by a Carboxymethyl Cellulose Microcapsule-Coated Inactivated Vaccine Against Largemouth Bass Ranavirus (LMBRaV) in Largemouth Bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>) |
| title_short | The Protective Effects and Immunological Responses Induced by a Carboxymethyl Cellulose Microcapsule-Coated Inactivated Vaccine Against Largemouth Bass Ranavirus (LMBRaV) in Largemouth Bass (<i>Micropterus salmoides</i>) |
| title_sort | protective effects and immunological responses induced by a carboxymethyl cellulose microcapsule coated inactivated vaccine against largemouth bass ranavirus lmbrav in largemouth bass i micropterus salmoides i |
| topic | <i>Micropterus salmoides</i> largemouth bass ranavirus vaccine microcapsule |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/3/233 |
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