Optimizing Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Carbohydrate from Scenedesmus sp. Cultivated in Domestic Wastewater
Microalgae including Scenedesmus sp. are gaining significant attention due to the rapid growth conditions, high biomass production, and significant content of valuable biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Among these biomolecules, carbohydrates extracted from Scenedesmus sp. bio...
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| Format: | Article |
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Universitas Indonesia
2025-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Technology |
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| Online Access: | https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/7301 |
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| author | Yeong Hwang Tan Mee Kin Chai Ling Shing Wong Mei Yin Ong Ranjithkumar Rajamani |
| author_facet | Yeong Hwang Tan Mee Kin Chai Ling Shing Wong Mei Yin Ong Ranjithkumar Rajamani |
| author_sort | Yeong Hwang Tan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Microalgae including Scenedesmus sp. are gaining significant attention due to the rapid growth conditions, high biomass production, and significant content of valuable biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Among these biomolecules, carbohydrates extracted from Scenedesmus sp. biomass has the potential to be used in biofuel, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Conventional methods of extraction include long energy-intensive heating processes with toxic solvents because carbohydrates are packed inside the microalga cell wall. To address the limitation, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) has been shown as an efficient, energy-saving, low-environment impact, and rapid extraction method for plant materials. Therefore, this research aimed to optimize MAE through response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with Box-Behnken design (BBD) to extract carbohydrate from Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in local unsterilized domestic wastewater. The experimental factors were examined, including solid-to-liquid ratio, agitation time, microwave irradiation time, and microwave power. The results of different statistical metrics showed that the developed quadratic model was sufficient to predict carbohydrate yield. The sensitivity analysis showed that solid-to-liquid ratio had the most significant impact (55.98%) on carbohydrate yield, followed by microwave irradiation time (24.88%), and agitation time (18.16%). The highest carbohydrate extraction yield (30.11?±?0.88%) was obtained when the solid-to-liquid ratio, agitation time, microwave power, and microwave irradiation time were kept at 29 mg/mL, 28 min, 300 W, and 163s respectively. MAE obtained a 39.46% increase in carbohydrate extraction compared to conventional heating. Furthermore, MAE significantly reduced extraction time by 63 - 96% compared to other conventional extraction methods reported in previous research. The results showed that MAE was a fast and effective method for extracting carbohydrate from Scenedesmus sp., offering potential applications in the biofuel, agricultural, and industrial industries. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-331f3d949c874bab86a4ddc65e708ca4 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2086-9614 2087-2100 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Universitas Indonesia |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Technology |
| spelling | doaj-art-331f3d949c874bab86a4ddc65e708ca42025-01-31T14:13:03ZengUniversitas IndonesiaInternational Journal of Technology2086-96142087-21002025-01-0116125527410.14716/ijtech.v16i1.73017301Optimizing Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Carbohydrate from Scenedesmus sp. Cultivated in Domestic WastewaterYeong Hwang Tan0Mee Kin Chai1Ling Shing Wong2Mei Yin Ong3Ranjithkumar Rajamani4Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, MalaysiaInstitute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, MalaysiaFaculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN, Putra Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, MalaysiaInstitute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, MalaysiaCenter for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, IndiaMicroalgae including Scenedesmus sp. are gaining significant attention due to the rapid growth conditions, high biomass production, and significant content of valuable biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Among these biomolecules, carbohydrates extracted from Scenedesmus sp. biomass has the potential to be used in biofuel, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Conventional methods of extraction include long energy-intensive heating processes with toxic solvents because carbohydrates are packed inside the microalga cell wall. To address the limitation, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) has been shown as an efficient, energy-saving, low-environment impact, and rapid extraction method for plant materials. Therefore, this research aimed to optimize MAE through response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with Box-Behnken design (BBD) to extract carbohydrate from Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in local unsterilized domestic wastewater. The experimental factors were examined, including solid-to-liquid ratio, agitation time, microwave irradiation time, and microwave power. The results of different statistical metrics showed that the developed quadratic model was sufficient to predict carbohydrate yield. The sensitivity analysis showed that solid-to-liquid ratio had the most significant impact (55.98%) on carbohydrate yield, followed by microwave irradiation time (24.88%), and agitation time (18.16%). The highest carbohydrate extraction yield (30.11?±?0.88%) was obtained when the solid-to-liquid ratio, agitation time, microwave power, and microwave irradiation time were kept at 29 mg/mL, 28 min, 300 W, and 163s respectively. MAE obtained a 39.46% increase in carbohydrate extraction compared to conventional heating. Furthermore, MAE significantly reduced extraction time by 63 - 96% compared to other conventional extraction methods reported in previous research. The results showed that MAE was a fast and effective method for extracting carbohydrate from Scenedesmus sp., offering potential applications in the biofuel, agricultural, and industrial industries.https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/7301carbohydratemicroalgae biomassmicrowave-assisted extractionresponse surface methodologyscenedesmus sp. |
| spellingShingle | Yeong Hwang Tan Mee Kin Chai Ling Shing Wong Mei Yin Ong Ranjithkumar Rajamani Optimizing Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Carbohydrate from Scenedesmus sp. Cultivated in Domestic Wastewater International Journal of Technology carbohydrate microalgae biomass microwave-assisted extraction response surface methodology scenedesmus sp. |
| title | Optimizing Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Carbohydrate from Scenedesmus sp. Cultivated in Domestic Wastewater |
| title_full | Optimizing Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Carbohydrate from Scenedesmus sp. Cultivated in Domestic Wastewater |
| title_fullStr | Optimizing Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Carbohydrate from Scenedesmus sp. Cultivated in Domestic Wastewater |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimizing Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Carbohydrate from Scenedesmus sp. Cultivated in Domestic Wastewater |
| title_short | Optimizing Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Carbohydrate from Scenedesmus sp. Cultivated in Domestic Wastewater |
| title_sort | optimizing microwave assisted extraction of carbohydrate from scenedesmus sp cultivated in domestic wastewater |
| topic | carbohydrate microalgae biomass microwave-assisted extraction response surface methodology scenedesmus sp. |
| url | https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/7301 |
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