The Rate, Amplitude, and Duration of Outbursts from Class 0 Protostars in Orion
At least half of a protostar’s mass is accreted in the Class 0 phase, when the central protostar is deeply embedded in a dense, infalling envelope. We present the first systematic search for outbursts from Class 0 protostars in the Orion clouds. Using photometry from Spitzer/IRAC spanning 2004 to 20...
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2022-01-01
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| author | Wafa Zakri S. T. Megeath William J. Fischer Robert Gutermuth Elise Furlan Lee Hartmann Nicole Karnath Mayra Osorio Emily Safron Thomas Stanke Amelia M. Stutz John J. Tobin Thomas S. Allen Sam Federman Nolan Habel P. Manoj Mayank Narang Riwaj Pokhrel Luisa Rebull Patrick D. Sheehan Dan M. Watson |
| author_facet | Wafa Zakri S. T. Megeath William J. Fischer Robert Gutermuth Elise Furlan Lee Hartmann Nicole Karnath Mayra Osorio Emily Safron Thomas Stanke Amelia M. Stutz John J. Tobin Thomas S. Allen Sam Federman Nolan Habel P. Manoj Mayank Narang Riwaj Pokhrel Luisa Rebull Patrick D. Sheehan Dan M. Watson |
| author_sort | Wafa Zakri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | At least half of a protostar’s mass is accreted in the Class 0 phase, when the central protostar is deeply embedded in a dense, infalling envelope. We present the first systematic search for outbursts from Class 0 protostars in the Orion clouds. Using photometry from Spitzer/IRAC spanning 2004 to 2017, we detect three outbursts from Class 0 protostars with ≥2 mag changes at 3.6 or 4.5 μ m. This is comparable to the magnitude change of a known protostellar FU Ori outburst. Two are newly detected bursts from the protostars HOPS 12 and 124. The number of detections implies that Class 0 protostars burst every 438 yr, with a 95% confidence interval of 161 to 1884 yr. Combining Spitzer and WISE/NEOWISE data spanning 2004–2019, we show that the bursts persist for more than nine years with significant variability during each burst. Finally, we use 19–100 μ m photometry from SOFIA, Spitzer, and Herschel to measure the amplitudes of the bursts. Based on the burst interval, a duration of 15 yr, and the range of observed amplitudes, 3%–100% of the mass accretion during the Class 0 phase occurs during bursts. In total, we show that bursts from Class 0 protostars are as frequent, or even more frequent, than those from more evolved protostars. This is consistent with bursts being driven by instabilities in disks triggered by rapid mass infall. Furthermore, we find that bursts may be a significant, if not dominant, mode of mass accretion during the Class 0 phase. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-32e697cf7fbd40b8a47dca36918453f3 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2041-8205 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal Letters |
| spelling | doaj-art-32e697cf7fbd40b8a47dca36918453f32025-08-20T02:48:39ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal Letters2041-82052022-01-019242L2310.3847/2041-8213/ac46aeThe Rate, Amplitude, and Duration of Outbursts from Class 0 Protostars in OrionWafa Zakri0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9030-1832S. T. Megeath1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7629-3573William J. Fischer2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3747-2496Robert Gutermuth3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6447-899XElise Furlan4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9800-6248Lee Hartmann5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1430-8519Nicole Karnath6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3682-854XMayra Osorio7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6737-5267Emily Safron8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6872-2582Thomas Stanke9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5812-9232Amelia M. Stutz10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2300-8200John J. Tobin11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6195-0152Thomas S. Allen12Sam Federman13https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6136-5578Nolan Habel14https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2667-1676P. Manoj15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3530-304XMayank Narang16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0554-1151Riwaj Pokhrel17https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0557-7349Luisa Rebull18https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6381-515XPatrick D. Sheehan19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9209-8708Dan M. Watson20https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8302-0530Department of Physics, Jazan University Jazan , Saudi Arabia; Ritter Astrophysical Research Center, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo , Toledo, OH 43606, USA ; s.megeath@utoledo.eduRitter Astrophysical Research Center, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo , Toledo, OH 43606, USA ; s.megeath@utoledo.eduSpace Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, MA 01003 USANASA Exoplanet Science Institute , Caltech/IPAC, Mail Code 100-22, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USADepartment of Astronomy, University of Michigan , 1085 S. University Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USASOFIA-USRA, NASA Ames Research Center , MS 232-12, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USAInstituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia , CSIC, Camino Bajo de Huétor 50, E-18008 Granada, SpainDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Lousiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USAEuropean Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748 Garching b. München, GermanyDepartamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Concepción,Casilla 160-C , Concepción, Chile; Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, GermanyNational Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22903, USALowell Observatory , 1400 W. Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff AZ 86001, USARitter Astrophysical Research Center, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo , Toledo, OH 43606, USA ; s.megeath@utoledo.eduRitter Astrophysical Research Center, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo , Toledo, OH 43606, USA ; s.megeath@utoledo.eduDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, IndiaDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, IndiaRitter Astrophysical Research Center, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo , Toledo, OH 43606, USA ; s.megeath@utoledo.eduInfrared Science Archive (IRSA), IPAC, 1200 E. California Blvd., California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125, USACenter for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astronomy , 1800 Sherman Rd., Evanston, IL 60202, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester , Rochester, NY 14627, USAAt least half of a protostar’s mass is accreted in the Class 0 phase, when the central protostar is deeply embedded in a dense, infalling envelope. We present the first systematic search for outbursts from Class 0 protostars in the Orion clouds. Using photometry from Spitzer/IRAC spanning 2004 to 2017, we detect three outbursts from Class 0 protostars with ≥2 mag changes at 3.6 or 4.5 μ m. This is comparable to the magnitude change of a known protostellar FU Ori outburst. Two are newly detected bursts from the protostars HOPS 12 and 124. The number of detections implies that Class 0 protostars burst every 438 yr, with a 95% confidence interval of 161 to 1884 yr. Combining Spitzer and WISE/NEOWISE data spanning 2004–2019, we show that the bursts persist for more than nine years with significant variability during each burst. Finally, we use 19–100 μ m photometry from SOFIA, Spitzer, and Herschel to measure the amplitudes of the bursts. Based on the burst interval, a duration of 15 yr, and the range of observed amplitudes, 3%–100% of the mass accretion during the Class 0 phase occurs during bursts. In total, we show that bursts from Class 0 protostars are as frequent, or even more frequent, than those from more evolved protostars. This is consistent with bursts being driven by instabilities in disks triggered by rapid mass infall. Furthermore, we find that bursts may be a significant, if not dominant, mode of mass accretion during the Class 0 phase.https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac46aeProtostarsStar formationVariable starsInfrared astronomy |
| spellingShingle | Wafa Zakri S. T. Megeath William J. Fischer Robert Gutermuth Elise Furlan Lee Hartmann Nicole Karnath Mayra Osorio Emily Safron Thomas Stanke Amelia M. Stutz John J. Tobin Thomas S. Allen Sam Federman Nolan Habel P. Manoj Mayank Narang Riwaj Pokhrel Luisa Rebull Patrick D. Sheehan Dan M. Watson The Rate, Amplitude, and Duration of Outbursts from Class 0 Protostars in Orion The Astrophysical Journal Letters Protostars Star formation Variable stars Infrared astronomy |
| title | The Rate, Amplitude, and Duration of Outbursts from Class 0 Protostars in Orion |
| title_full | The Rate, Amplitude, and Duration of Outbursts from Class 0 Protostars in Orion |
| title_fullStr | The Rate, Amplitude, and Duration of Outbursts from Class 0 Protostars in Orion |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Rate, Amplitude, and Duration of Outbursts from Class 0 Protostars in Orion |
| title_short | The Rate, Amplitude, and Duration of Outbursts from Class 0 Protostars in Orion |
| title_sort | rate amplitude and duration of outbursts from class 0 protostars in orion |
| topic | Protostars Star formation Variable stars Infrared astronomy |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac46ae |
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