Mutagenic impact of picric acid on chloroplast genome and a selection of biological attributes of Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae)

Abstract The present study was conducted to investigate the possible mutagenic effects of picric acid on the chloroplast genome and certain biological properties of Brassica napus L. under field conditions. The experimental design for this study was a randomized complete block trial, based on 3 fact...

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Main Authors: Ishtiaq Ahmad, Barkat Ullah, Zahir Muhammad, Dikhnah Alshehri, Muhammad Nauman Khan, Alevcan Kaplan, Majid Iqbal, Laila A. Al-Shuraym, Uthman Balgith Algopishi, Sadeq K. Alhag, Meshari A. Alsuwat, Diriba Dereje Olana, Muhammad Ammar Javed, Sarah Abdul Razak
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-05-01
Series:BMC Genomics
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-025-11565-2
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author Ishtiaq Ahmad
Barkat Ullah
Zahir Muhammad
Dikhnah Alshehri
Muhammad Nauman Khan
Alevcan Kaplan
Majid Iqbal
Laila A. Al-Shuraym
Uthman Balgith Algopishi
Sadeq K. Alhag
Meshari A. Alsuwat
Diriba Dereje Olana
Muhammad Ammar Javed
Sarah Abdul Razak
author_facet Ishtiaq Ahmad
Barkat Ullah
Zahir Muhammad
Dikhnah Alshehri
Muhammad Nauman Khan
Alevcan Kaplan
Majid Iqbal
Laila A. Al-Shuraym
Uthman Balgith Algopishi
Sadeq K. Alhag
Meshari A. Alsuwat
Diriba Dereje Olana
Muhammad Ammar Javed
Sarah Abdul Razak
author_sort Ishtiaq Ahmad
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The present study was conducted to investigate the possible mutagenic effects of picric acid on the chloroplast genome and certain biological properties of Brassica napus L. under field conditions. The experimental design for this study was a randomized complete block trial, based on 3 factors (dose, duration of priming, and three oilseed rape (cultivars). The seeds of oilseed rape cultivars (Abasin- 95, Dur e Nifa, and Nifa Gold) were exposed to five doses (0 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 15 mM, and 20 mM) of picric acid for different soaking times (3 h, 6 h, and 9 h) and the data on agromorphological characteristics were recorded. Control and test samples were collected and compared for genomic chloroplast studies. The results confirmed the inhibitory effect of picric acid on days to emergence, completion of germination, and percent emergence. Seeds treated with a dose of 20 mM delayed seedling emergence (6.15) compared to other treatments. In addition, the differences between seeds primed for 3 h (6.07), and 6 h (5.89) were also highly significant. Similarly, the effects of 0 mM (7.52), 5 mM (8.26) and 10 mM (8.11) doses on germination time were not significant. Comparison of the mean values with respect to germination showed that picric acid led to a reduction in the percentage emergence of the oilseed rape seedlings. A significant increase in leaf size was observed in the Nifa Gold cultivar (10.27). On the other hand, the differences in leaf size between the cultivars Dur e Nifa (9.51) and Abasin-95 (9.20) were not significant. The inhibitory effect of picric acid on the number of leaves could be due to the fact that the meristematic cells are damaged by the mutagen, leading to a reduction in the number of leaves. The Nifa Gold cultivar showed the highest value for plant height (17.53), and the highest number of siliqua (14.69) compared to other genotypes. The number of siliqua confirms that Nifa Gold is best adapted to picric acid in contrast to the other genotypes. However, the differences between the Abasin-95 cultivar (0.068) and the Nifa Gold cultivar (0.062) in terms of seed weight were not significant. The dose of 15 mM (37.72) showed the highest moisture content, followed by 10 mM (37.08), 0 mM (33.87), 5 mM (33.11) and 20 mM (32.73). The chloroplast genome of plants grown from picric acid-treated seeds was mutated. Therefore, annotation of the genome was not possible. Numerous single nucleotide substitutions (187) were detected between the control and test samples. In addition, 43 additions/deletions were observed. The present study suggests that picric acid has a mutagenic effect, which is confirmed by numerous mutations in chloroplast samples. Subsequently, the doses have stimulating effects on plant height and seed weight. Furthermore, priming can improve the emergence and certain biological characteristics of B. napus. In the present study, all parameters were investigated and the significant response of the selected genotypes was confirmed.
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spelling doaj-art-32b97ef62e7b46ebab8565677a5de99e2025-08-20T03:10:16ZengBMCBMC Genomics1471-21642025-05-0126112410.1186/s12864-025-11565-2Mutagenic impact of picric acid on chloroplast genome and a selection of biological attributes of Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae)Ishtiaq Ahmad0Barkat Ullah1Zahir Muhammad2Dikhnah Alshehri3Muhammad Nauman Khan4Alevcan Kaplan5Majid Iqbal6Laila A. Al-Shuraym7Uthman Balgith Algopishi8Sadeq K. Alhag9Meshari A. Alsuwat10Diriba Dereje Olana11Muhammad Ammar Javed12Sarah Abdul Razak13Department of Botany, Islamia College PeshawarDepartment of Botany, Islamia College PeshawarDepartment of Botany, University of PeshawarDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of TabukDepartment of Botany, Islamia College PeshawarDepartment of Crop and Animal Production, Sason Vocational School, Batman UniversityKey Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityDepartment of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid UniversityDepartment of Biology, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid UniversityDepartment of Basic Sciences, College of Nursing, Taif UniversityDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma UniversitySchool of Agriculture and Environment, UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western AustraliaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti MalayaAbstract The present study was conducted to investigate the possible mutagenic effects of picric acid on the chloroplast genome and certain biological properties of Brassica napus L. under field conditions. The experimental design for this study was a randomized complete block trial, based on 3 factors (dose, duration of priming, and three oilseed rape (cultivars). The seeds of oilseed rape cultivars (Abasin- 95, Dur e Nifa, and Nifa Gold) were exposed to five doses (0 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 15 mM, and 20 mM) of picric acid for different soaking times (3 h, 6 h, and 9 h) and the data on agromorphological characteristics were recorded. Control and test samples were collected and compared for genomic chloroplast studies. The results confirmed the inhibitory effect of picric acid on days to emergence, completion of germination, and percent emergence. Seeds treated with a dose of 20 mM delayed seedling emergence (6.15) compared to other treatments. In addition, the differences between seeds primed for 3 h (6.07), and 6 h (5.89) were also highly significant. Similarly, the effects of 0 mM (7.52), 5 mM (8.26) and 10 mM (8.11) doses on germination time were not significant. Comparison of the mean values with respect to germination showed that picric acid led to a reduction in the percentage emergence of the oilseed rape seedlings. A significant increase in leaf size was observed in the Nifa Gold cultivar (10.27). On the other hand, the differences in leaf size between the cultivars Dur e Nifa (9.51) and Abasin-95 (9.20) were not significant. The inhibitory effect of picric acid on the number of leaves could be due to the fact that the meristematic cells are damaged by the mutagen, leading to a reduction in the number of leaves. The Nifa Gold cultivar showed the highest value for plant height (17.53), and the highest number of siliqua (14.69) compared to other genotypes. The number of siliqua confirms that Nifa Gold is best adapted to picric acid in contrast to the other genotypes. However, the differences between the Abasin-95 cultivar (0.068) and the Nifa Gold cultivar (0.062) in terms of seed weight were not significant. The dose of 15 mM (37.72) showed the highest moisture content, followed by 10 mM (37.08), 0 mM (33.87), 5 mM (33.11) and 20 mM (32.73). The chloroplast genome of plants grown from picric acid-treated seeds was mutated. Therefore, annotation of the genome was not possible. Numerous single nucleotide substitutions (187) were detected between the control and test samples. In addition, 43 additions/deletions were observed. The present study suggests that picric acid has a mutagenic effect, which is confirmed by numerous mutations in chloroplast samples. Subsequently, the doses have stimulating effects on plant height and seed weight. Furthermore, priming can improve the emergence and certain biological characteristics of B. napus. In the present study, all parameters were investigated and the significant response of the selected genotypes was confirmed.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-025-11565-2Oilseed rape cultivarsChloroplast genomeMutagenic impactPicric acid
spellingShingle Ishtiaq Ahmad
Barkat Ullah
Zahir Muhammad
Dikhnah Alshehri
Muhammad Nauman Khan
Alevcan Kaplan
Majid Iqbal
Laila A. Al-Shuraym
Uthman Balgith Algopishi
Sadeq K. Alhag
Meshari A. Alsuwat
Diriba Dereje Olana
Muhammad Ammar Javed
Sarah Abdul Razak
Mutagenic impact of picric acid on chloroplast genome and a selection of biological attributes of Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae)
BMC Genomics
Oilseed rape cultivars
Chloroplast genome
Mutagenic impact
Picric acid
title Mutagenic impact of picric acid on chloroplast genome and a selection of biological attributes of Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae)
title_full Mutagenic impact of picric acid on chloroplast genome and a selection of biological attributes of Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae)
title_fullStr Mutagenic impact of picric acid on chloroplast genome and a selection of biological attributes of Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae)
title_full_unstemmed Mutagenic impact of picric acid on chloroplast genome and a selection of biological attributes of Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae)
title_short Mutagenic impact of picric acid on chloroplast genome and a selection of biological attributes of Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae)
title_sort mutagenic impact of picric acid on chloroplast genome and a selection of biological attributes of brassica napus l brassicaceae
topic Oilseed rape cultivars
Chloroplast genome
Mutagenic impact
Picric acid
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-025-11565-2
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