Successful small intestine colonization of adult mice by Vibrio cholerae requires ketamine anesthesia and accessory toxins.
Vibrio cholerae colonizes the small intestine of adult C57BL/6 mice. In this study, the physical and genetic parameters that facilitate this colonization were investigated. Successful colonization was found to depend upon anesthesia with ketamine-xylazine and neutralization of stomach acid with sodi...
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2009-10-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007352&type=printable |
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| author | Verena Olivier Jessica Queen Karla J F Satchell |
| author_facet | Verena Olivier Jessica Queen Karla J F Satchell |
| author_sort | Verena Olivier |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Vibrio cholerae colonizes the small intestine of adult C57BL/6 mice. In this study, the physical and genetic parameters that facilitate this colonization were investigated. Successful colonization was found to depend upon anesthesia with ketamine-xylazine and neutralization of stomach acid with sodium bicarbonate, but not streptomycin treatment. A variety of common mouse strains were colonized by O1, O139, and non-O1/non-O139 strains. All combinations of mutants in the genes for hemolysin, the multifunctional, autoprocessing RTX toxin (MARTX), and hemagglutinin/protease were assessed, and it was found that hemolysin and MARTX are each sufficient for colonization after a low dose infection. Overall, this study suggests that, after intragastric inoculation, V. cholerae encounters barriers to infection including an acidic environment and an immediate immune response that is circumvented by sodium bicarbonate and the anti-inflammatory effects of ketamine-xylazine. After initial adherence in the small intestine, the bacteria are subjected to additional clearance mechanisms that are evaded by the independent toxic action of hemolysin or MARTX. Once colonization is established, it is suggested that, in humans, these now persisting bacteria initiate synthesis of the major virulence factors to cause cholera disease. This adult mouse model of intestinal V. cholerae infection, now well-characterized and fully optimized, should serve as a valuable tool for studies of pathogenesis and testing vaccine efficacy. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-329ff8ea6a4d4e46a7943c17137a1231 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2009-10-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj-art-329ff8ea6a4d4e46a7943c17137a12312025-08-20T03:25:59ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032009-10-01410e735210.1371/journal.pone.0007352Successful small intestine colonization of adult mice by Vibrio cholerae requires ketamine anesthesia and accessory toxins.Verena OlivierJessica QueenKarla J F SatchellVibrio cholerae colonizes the small intestine of adult C57BL/6 mice. In this study, the physical and genetic parameters that facilitate this colonization were investigated. Successful colonization was found to depend upon anesthesia with ketamine-xylazine and neutralization of stomach acid with sodium bicarbonate, but not streptomycin treatment. A variety of common mouse strains were colonized by O1, O139, and non-O1/non-O139 strains. All combinations of mutants in the genes for hemolysin, the multifunctional, autoprocessing RTX toxin (MARTX), and hemagglutinin/protease were assessed, and it was found that hemolysin and MARTX are each sufficient for colonization after a low dose infection. Overall, this study suggests that, after intragastric inoculation, V. cholerae encounters barriers to infection including an acidic environment and an immediate immune response that is circumvented by sodium bicarbonate and the anti-inflammatory effects of ketamine-xylazine. After initial adherence in the small intestine, the bacteria are subjected to additional clearance mechanisms that are evaded by the independent toxic action of hemolysin or MARTX. Once colonization is established, it is suggested that, in humans, these now persisting bacteria initiate synthesis of the major virulence factors to cause cholera disease. This adult mouse model of intestinal V. cholerae infection, now well-characterized and fully optimized, should serve as a valuable tool for studies of pathogenesis and testing vaccine efficacy.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007352&type=printable |
| spellingShingle | Verena Olivier Jessica Queen Karla J F Satchell Successful small intestine colonization of adult mice by Vibrio cholerae requires ketamine anesthesia and accessory toxins. PLoS ONE |
| title | Successful small intestine colonization of adult mice by Vibrio cholerae requires ketamine anesthesia and accessory toxins. |
| title_full | Successful small intestine colonization of adult mice by Vibrio cholerae requires ketamine anesthesia and accessory toxins. |
| title_fullStr | Successful small intestine colonization of adult mice by Vibrio cholerae requires ketamine anesthesia and accessory toxins. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Successful small intestine colonization of adult mice by Vibrio cholerae requires ketamine anesthesia and accessory toxins. |
| title_short | Successful small intestine colonization of adult mice by Vibrio cholerae requires ketamine anesthesia and accessory toxins. |
| title_sort | successful small intestine colonization of adult mice by vibrio cholerae requires ketamine anesthesia and accessory toxins |
| url | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007352&type=printable |
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