Phytotoxic Activity Analysis of 2-Methoxyphenol and 2,6-Di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-methylphenol Present in <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L. Essential Oil
The evaluation of the wide variety of allelochemicals present in allelopathic plants allows the detection of safer bioherbicides with new mechanisms of action. This study tested two phenolic compounds of <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> essential oil (2-Methoxyphenol and 2,6-Di-<i>tert</...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Diego Orellana Dávila David F. Frazão Amélia M. Silva Teresa Sosa Díaz |
| author_facet | Diego Orellana Dávila David F. Frazão Amélia M. Silva Teresa Sosa Díaz |
| author_sort | Diego Orellana Dávila |
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| description | The evaluation of the wide variety of allelochemicals present in allelopathic plants allows the detection of safer bioherbicides with new mechanisms of action. This study tested two phenolic compounds of <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> essential oil (2-Methoxyphenol and 2,6-Di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-methylphenol), which are commercially available. At 0.01 mM, these compounds, both separately and in combination (1/1), inhibited up to over 50% of germination, cotyledon emergence and seedling growth of <i>Lactuca sativa</i> for the tests conducted on paper. Against <i>Allium cepa</i>, cotyledon emergence and seedling growth were inhibited at 0.5 mM. When the tests were carried out in the soil, the mixture of the two study compounds significantly inhibited the germination of <i>L. sativa</i> and <i>A. cepa</i> when applied at 0.5 and 1 mM, respectively, and seedling growth inhibition was greater for the latter in the paper tests. The greatest inhibitions were observed, with the highest concentrations analysed. Although there was no statistically significant difference among treatments, 2-Methoxyphenol seemed to affect germination and cotyledon emergence to a greater extent, whereas 2,6-Di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-methylphenol had a greater impact on seedling size. The effect of the mixture was greater than that of both compounds separately. |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-31f6b7db5c4b4fef9628909f6bce318f2025-01-10T13:19:31ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472024-12-011412210.3390/plants14010022Phytotoxic Activity Analysis of 2-Methoxyphenol and 2,6-Di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-methylphenol Present in <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L. Essential OilDiego Orellana Dávila0David F. Frazão1Amélia M. Silva2Teresa Sosa Díaz3Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, SpainCentro de Recursos Naturales, Medio Ambiente y Sociedad, Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, PortugalDepartment of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás os Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de 20 Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, PortugalDepartment of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, SpainThe evaluation of the wide variety of allelochemicals present in allelopathic plants allows the detection of safer bioherbicides with new mechanisms of action. This study tested two phenolic compounds of <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> essential oil (2-Methoxyphenol and 2,6-Di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-methylphenol), which are commercially available. At 0.01 mM, these compounds, both separately and in combination (1/1), inhibited up to over 50% of germination, cotyledon emergence and seedling growth of <i>Lactuca sativa</i> for the tests conducted on paper. Against <i>Allium cepa</i>, cotyledon emergence and seedling growth were inhibited at 0.5 mM. When the tests were carried out in the soil, the mixture of the two study compounds significantly inhibited the germination of <i>L. sativa</i> and <i>A. cepa</i> when applied at 0.5 and 1 mM, respectively, and seedling growth inhibition was greater for the latter in the paper tests. The greatest inhibitions were observed, with the highest concentrations analysed. Although there was no statistically significant difference among treatments, 2-Methoxyphenol seemed to affect germination and cotyledon emergence to a greater extent, whereas 2,6-Di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-methylphenol had a greater impact on seedling size. The effect of the mixture was greater than that of both compounds separately.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/1/22phytotoxicityphenolic compoundsallelopathygerminationseedling growthbioherbicides |
| spellingShingle | Diego Orellana Dávila David F. Frazão Amélia M. Silva Teresa Sosa Díaz Phytotoxic Activity Analysis of 2-Methoxyphenol and 2,6-Di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-methylphenol Present in <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L. Essential Oil Plants phytotoxicity phenolic compounds allelopathy germination seedling growth bioherbicides |
| title | Phytotoxic Activity Analysis of 2-Methoxyphenol and 2,6-Di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-methylphenol Present in <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L. Essential Oil |
| title_full | Phytotoxic Activity Analysis of 2-Methoxyphenol and 2,6-Di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-methylphenol Present in <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L. Essential Oil |
| title_fullStr | Phytotoxic Activity Analysis of 2-Methoxyphenol and 2,6-Di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-methylphenol Present in <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L. Essential Oil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phytotoxic Activity Analysis of 2-Methoxyphenol and 2,6-Di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-methylphenol Present in <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L. Essential Oil |
| title_short | Phytotoxic Activity Analysis of 2-Methoxyphenol and 2,6-Di-<i>tert</i>-butyl-4-methylphenol Present in <i>Cistus ladanifer</i> L. Essential Oil |
| title_sort | phytotoxic activity analysis of 2 methoxyphenol and 2 6 di i tert i butyl 4 methylphenol present in i cistus ladanifer i l essential oil |
| topic | phytotoxicity phenolic compounds allelopathy germination seedling growth bioherbicides |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/1/22 |
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