Risk communication to vulnerable populations on crimes in the Economic Community of West Africa: case-study of Ghana
This research study examines how risk communications on personal and societal security are conducted within the Economic Community of West African States, using Ghana as a case study. The research focused on Ghana due to its status and ranking as a leading democratic and peaceful nation within a tur...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Communication |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomm.2025.1579969/full |
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| author | Ishmael D. Norman Emmanuel D. Kpeglo Saralees Nadarajah Blandina Awiah-Norman |
| author_facet | Ishmael D. Norman Emmanuel D. Kpeglo Saralees Nadarajah Blandina Awiah-Norman |
| author_sort | Ishmael D. Norman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This research study examines how risk communications on personal and societal security are conducted within the Economic Community of West African States, using Ghana as a case study. The research focused on Ghana due to its status and ranking as a leading democratic and peaceful nation within a turbulent region, in comparison to Kenya, a member of the East African Community and the Southern African Development Community. In addition to field data, a literature review was conducted to examine whether Ghana’s national security agencies apply key risk communication components, such as risk identification, population impact assessment, communication effectiveness, mitigation strategies, and feedback mechanisms. Findings indicate that both national and regional frameworks for risk communication are largely absent, with existing protocols being mostly ad hoc and confined to health emergencies. Although the states and citizens in the West African region are aware of crimes, these states often employ ad hoc risk communication strategies to address interpersonal crimes. The analysis used data to assess individuals’ self-efficacy in taking personal preventive measures in relation to their perceived ontological security over the same crimes. Age-based differences in perceived crime threats were statistically significant for rape, kidnapping, defilement, and murder (Kruskal–Wallis p < 0.01). The study concludes that there are few or no national or regional risk communication modalities to prepare both the capable and vulnerable populations against interpersonal crimes, terrorism, or insurgency. The study recommends that the Joint Security Committee of Ghana and other nations in the region develop an All-Risk Communication protocol for national application to improve safety and national response capabilities. The research contributes to knowledge on systems risk communication and creates awareness of the need for nations to develop national protocols for risk communication to assist first responders in their performative service deliveries. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-31eb850f01594fd5961521ced331d126 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2297-900X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Communication |
| spelling | doaj-art-31eb850f01594fd5961521ced331d1262025-08-20T03:44:28ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Communication2297-900X2025-08-011010.3389/fcomm.2025.15799691579969Risk communication to vulnerable populations on crimes in the Economic Community of West Africa: case-study of GhanaIshmael D. Norman0Emmanuel D. Kpeglo1Saralees Nadarajah2Blandina Awiah-Norman3Academic Division, Ghana Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Accra, GhanaDepartment of Economics and Actuarial Science, University of Professional Studies, Accra, GhanaDepartment of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United KingdomDepartment of Risk Management, Institute for Security Disaster and Emergency Studies, Langma, GhanaThis research study examines how risk communications on personal and societal security are conducted within the Economic Community of West African States, using Ghana as a case study. The research focused on Ghana due to its status and ranking as a leading democratic and peaceful nation within a turbulent region, in comparison to Kenya, a member of the East African Community and the Southern African Development Community. In addition to field data, a literature review was conducted to examine whether Ghana’s national security agencies apply key risk communication components, such as risk identification, population impact assessment, communication effectiveness, mitigation strategies, and feedback mechanisms. Findings indicate that both national and regional frameworks for risk communication are largely absent, with existing protocols being mostly ad hoc and confined to health emergencies. Although the states and citizens in the West African region are aware of crimes, these states often employ ad hoc risk communication strategies to address interpersonal crimes. The analysis used data to assess individuals’ self-efficacy in taking personal preventive measures in relation to their perceived ontological security over the same crimes. Age-based differences in perceived crime threats were statistically significant for rape, kidnapping, defilement, and murder (Kruskal–Wallis p < 0.01). The study concludes that there are few or no national or regional risk communication modalities to prepare both the capable and vulnerable populations against interpersonal crimes, terrorism, or insurgency. The study recommends that the Joint Security Committee of Ghana and other nations in the region develop an All-Risk Communication protocol for national application to improve safety and national response capabilities. The research contributes to knowledge on systems risk communication and creates awareness of the need for nations to develop national protocols for risk communication to assist first responders in their performative service deliveries.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomm.2025.1579969/fullrisk communicationhealth communicationcommunity relationscommunication goalscrime |
| spellingShingle | Ishmael D. Norman Emmanuel D. Kpeglo Saralees Nadarajah Blandina Awiah-Norman Risk communication to vulnerable populations on crimes in the Economic Community of West Africa: case-study of Ghana Frontiers in Communication risk communication health communication community relations communication goals crime |
| title | Risk communication to vulnerable populations on crimes in the Economic Community of West Africa: case-study of Ghana |
| title_full | Risk communication to vulnerable populations on crimes in the Economic Community of West Africa: case-study of Ghana |
| title_fullStr | Risk communication to vulnerable populations on crimes in the Economic Community of West Africa: case-study of Ghana |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk communication to vulnerable populations on crimes in the Economic Community of West Africa: case-study of Ghana |
| title_short | Risk communication to vulnerable populations on crimes in the Economic Community of West Africa: case-study of Ghana |
| title_sort | risk communication to vulnerable populations on crimes in the economic community of west africa case study of ghana |
| topic | risk communication health communication community relations communication goals crime |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomm.2025.1579969/full |
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