Graphene-Doped Piezoelectric Transducers by Kriging Optimal Model for Detecting Various Types of Laryngeal Movements
This study fabricated piezoelectric fibers of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with graphene using near-field electrospinning (NFES) technology. A uniform experimental design table <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><sem...
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2024-09-01
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| author | Ming-Chan Lee Cheng-Tang Pan Shuo-Yu Juan Zhi-Hong Wen Jin-Hao Xu Uyanahewa Gamage Shashini Janesha Fan-Min Lin |
| author_facet | Ming-Chan Lee Cheng-Tang Pan Shuo-Yu Juan Zhi-Hong Wen Jin-Hao Xu Uyanahewa Gamage Shashini Janesha Fan-Min Lin |
| author_sort | Ming-Chan Lee |
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| description | This study fabricated piezoelectric fibers of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with graphene using near-field electrospinning (NFES) technology. A uniform experimental design table <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>*</mi></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>7</mn></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>7</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> was applied, considering weight percentage (1–13 wt%), the distance between needle and disk collector (2.1–3.9 mm), and applied voltage (14.5–17.5 kV). We optimized the parameters using electrical property measurements and the Kriging response surface method. Adding 13 wt% graphene significantly improved electrical conductivity, increasing from 17.7 µS/cm for pure PVDF to 187.5 µS/cm. The fiber diameter decreased from 21.4 µm in PVDF/1% graphene to 9.1 µm in PVDF/13% graphene. Adding 5 wt% graphene increased the β-phase content by 6.9%, reaching 65.4% compared to pure PVDF fibers. Material characteristics were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), contact angle measurements, and tensile testing. Optimal parameters included 3.47 wt% graphene, yielding 15.82 mV voltage at 5 Hz and 5 N force (2.04 times pure PVDF). Force testing showed a sensitivity (S) of 7.67 log(mV/N). Fibers were attached to electrodes for piezoelectric sensor applications. The results affirmed enhanced electrical conductivity, piezoelectric performance, and mechanical strength. The optimized piezoelectric sensor could be applied to measure physiological signals, such as attaching it to the throat under different conditions to measure the output voltage. The force-to-voltage conversion facilitated subsequent analysis. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-31aa7c0f8527438e875ea749be5e0edd2025-08-20T02:11:08ZengMDPI AGMicromachines2072-666X2024-09-011510121310.3390/mi15101213Graphene-Doped Piezoelectric Transducers by Kriging Optimal Model for Detecting Various Types of Laryngeal MovementsMing-Chan Lee0Cheng-Tang Pan1Shuo-Yu Juan2Zhi-Hong Wen3Jin-Hao Xu4Uyanahewa Gamage Shashini Janesha5Fan-Min Lin6Department of Electrical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807, TaiwanDepartment of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, TaiwanDepartment of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, TaiwanDepartment of Marine Biotechnology and Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, TaiwanDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, TaiwanInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, TaiwanDivision of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, TaiwanThis study fabricated piezoelectric fibers of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with graphene using near-field electrospinning (NFES) technology. A uniform experimental design table <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>*</mi></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>7</mn></mrow></msub><mfenced separators="|"><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>7</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> was applied, considering weight percentage (1–13 wt%), the distance between needle and disk collector (2.1–3.9 mm), and applied voltage (14.5–17.5 kV). We optimized the parameters using electrical property measurements and the Kriging response surface method. Adding 13 wt% graphene significantly improved electrical conductivity, increasing from 17.7 µS/cm for pure PVDF to 187.5 µS/cm. The fiber diameter decreased from 21.4 µm in PVDF/1% graphene to 9.1 µm in PVDF/13% graphene. Adding 5 wt% graphene increased the β-phase content by 6.9%, reaching 65.4% compared to pure PVDF fibers. Material characteristics were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), contact angle measurements, and tensile testing. Optimal parameters included 3.47 wt% graphene, yielding 15.82 mV voltage at 5 Hz and 5 N force (2.04 times pure PVDF). Force testing showed a sensitivity (S) of 7.67 log(mV/N). Fibers were attached to electrodes for piezoelectric sensor applications. The results affirmed enhanced electrical conductivity, piezoelectric performance, and mechanical strength. The optimized piezoelectric sensor could be applied to measure physiological signals, such as attaching it to the throat under different conditions to measure the output voltage. The force-to-voltage conversion facilitated subsequent analysis.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/15/10/1213composite piezoelectric fibersnear-field electrospinningpolyvinylidene fluoridegraphenepiezoelectric sensor |
| spellingShingle | Ming-Chan Lee Cheng-Tang Pan Shuo-Yu Juan Zhi-Hong Wen Jin-Hao Xu Uyanahewa Gamage Shashini Janesha Fan-Min Lin Graphene-Doped Piezoelectric Transducers by Kriging Optimal Model for Detecting Various Types of Laryngeal Movements Micromachines composite piezoelectric fibers near-field electrospinning polyvinylidene fluoride graphene piezoelectric sensor |
| title | Graphene-Doped Piezoelectric Transducers by Kriging Optimal Model for Detecting Various Types of Laryngeal Movements |
| title_full | Graphene-Doped Piezoelectric Transducers by Kriging Optimal Model for Detecting Various Types of Laryngeal Movements |
| title_fullStr | Graphene-Doped Piezoelectric Transducers by Kriging Optimal Model for Detecting Various Types of Laryngeal Movements |
| title_full_unstemmed | Graphene-Doped Piezoelectric Transducers by Kriging Optimal Model for Detecting Various Types of Laryngeal Movements |
| title_short | Graphene-Doped Piezoelectric Transducers by Kriging Optimal Model for Detecting Various Types of Laryngeal Movements |
| title_sort | graphene doped piezoelectric transducers by kriging optimal model for detecting various types of laryngeal movements |
| topic | composite piezoelectric fibers near-field electrospinning polyvinylidene fluoride graphene piezoelectric sensor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/15/10/1213 |
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