GABA and Octopamine Receptors as Potential Targets for Fumigant Actions of <i>Bursera graveolens</i> Essential Oil Against <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> and <i>Callosobruchus chinensis</i>

Cowpea, <i>Vigna</i> sp., is an important, low-cost protein source in subtropical and semi-arid regions, where seasonal rainfall makes storage necessary. However, the weevils <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> and <i>C. chinensis</i> cause significant grain losses du...

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Main Authors: Luis O. Viteri, Maria José González, Pedro B. Silva, Jonatas M. Gomes, Thiago Svacina, Lara T. M. Costa, Eduardo Valarezo, Javier G. Mantilla-Afanador, Osmany M. Herrera, Raimundo W. S. Aguiar, Gil R. Santos, Eugênio E. Oliveira
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Journal of Xenobiotics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4713/15/3/91
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author Luis O. Viteri
Maria José González
Pedro B. Silva
Jonatas M. Gomes
Thiago Svacina
Lara T. M. Costa
Eduardo Valarezo
Javier G. Mantilla-Afanador
Osmany M. Herrera
Raimundo W. S. Aguiar
Gil R. Santos
Eugênio E. Oliveira
author_facet Luis O. Viteri
Maria José González
Pedro B. Silva
Jonatas M. Gomes
Thiago Svacina
Lara T. M. Costa
Eduardo Valarezo
Javier G. Mantilla-Afanador
Osmany M. Herrera
Raimundo W. S. Aguiar
Gil R. Santos
Eugênio E. Oliveira
author_sort Luis O. Viteri
collection DOAJ
description Cowpea, <i>Vigna</i> sp., is an important, low-cost protein source in subtropical and semi-arid regions, where seasonal rainfall makes storage necessary. However, the weevils <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> and <i>C. chinensis</i> cause significant grain losses during storage. While synthetic fumigants are commonly used to control these pests, their risks to mammals have prompted the search for safer alternatives. In this context, we tested palo santo, <i>Bursera graveolens</i>, essential oil with limonene, <i>α</i>-phellandrene, <i>o</i>-cymene and <i>β</i>-phellandrene, menthofuran, and germacrene-D as a sustainable approach. This plant is readily accessible, produces high fruit yields, and is used in households for various purposes. We evaluated the fumigant toxicity, repellency, and ovicidal effects of <i>B. graveolens</i> essential oil on both <i>Callosobruchus</i> species. Our results showed that <i>B. graveolens</i> oil was toxic to <i>C. maculatus</i> (LC<sub>50</sub> = 80.90 [76.91–85.10] µL) and <i>C. chinensis</i> (LC<sub>50</sub> = 63.9 [60.95–66.99] µL), with <i>C. chinensis</i> being more susceptible (SR = 1.27). Molecular docking analyses revealed that all the oil’s compounds bind to both the GABA and octopamine receptors, exhibiting high energy affinities; however, germacrene shows the strongest affinity in these receptors. <i>C. chinensis</i> was strongly repelled at all concentrations, while <i>C. maculatus</i> was repelled only at lethal concentrations. No ovicidal effect was observed in either species. In conclusion, our findings suggest that <i>B. graveolens</i> essential oil is a promising and sustainable protectant for stored cowpeas in small-scale storage units.
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spelling doaj-art-31a123c7b7f943c99ae0d8bb738d249b2025-08-20T02:21:07ZengMDPI AGJournal of Xenobiotics2039-47052039-47132025-06-011539110.3390/jox15030091GABA and Octopamine Receptors as Potential Targets for Fumigant Actions of <i>Bursera graveolens</i> Essential Oil Against <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> and <i>Callosobruchus chinensis</i>Luis O. Viteri0Maria José González1Pedro B. Silva2Jonatas M. Gomes3Thiago Svacina4Lara T. M. Costa5Eduardo Valarezo6Javier G. Mantilla-Afanador7Osmany M. Herrera8Raimundo W. S. Aguiar9Gil R. Santos10Eugênio E. Oliveira11Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, BrazilDepartamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, EcuadorGrupo de Pesquisa em Microbiologia e Biotecnologia Agroindustrial, Universidad Católica de Manizales, Road 23 N. 60, Manizales 170002, ColombiaPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, BrazilCowpea, <i>Vigna</i> sp., is an important, low-cost protein source in subtropical and semi-arid regions, where seasonal rainfall makes storage necessary. However, the weevils <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> and <i>C. chinensis</i> cause significant grain losses during storage. While synthetic fumigants are commonly used to control these pests, their risks to mammals have prompted the search for safer alternatives. In this context, we tested palo santo, <i>Bursera graveolens</i>, essential oil with limonene, <i>α</i>-phellandrene, <i>o</i>-cymene and <i>β</i>-phellandrene, menthofuran, and germacrene-D as a sustainable approach. This plant is readily accessible, produces high fruit yields, and is used in households for various purposes. We evaluated the fumigant toxicity, repellency, and ovicidal effects of <i>B. graveolens</i> essential oil on both <i>Callosobruchus</i> species. Our results showed that <i>B. graveolens</i> oil was toxic to <i>C. maculatus</i> (LC<sub>50</sub> = 80.90 [76.91–85.10] µL) and <i>C. chinensis</i> (LC<sub>50</sub> = 63.9 [60.95–66.99] µL), with <i>C. chinensis</i> being more susceptible (SR = 1.27). Molecular docking analyses revealed that all the oil’s compounds bind to both the GABA and octopamine receptors, exhibiting high energy affinities; however, germacrene shows the strongest affinity in these receptors. <i>C. chinensis</i> was strongly repelled at all concentrations, while <i>C. maculatus</i> was repelled only at lethal concentrations. No ovicidal effect was observed in either species. In conclusion, our findings suggest that <i>B. graveolens</i> essential oil is a promising and sustainable protectant for stored cowpeas in small-scale storage units.https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4713/15/3/91<i>Callosobruchus</i> spp.cowpeaweevilseco-friendlyessential oilsGABA
spellingShingle Luis O. Viteri
Maria José González
Pedro B. Silva
Jonatas M. Gomes
Thiago Svacina
Lara T. M. Costa
Eduardo Valarezo
Javier G. Mantilla-Afanador
Osmany M. Herrera
Raimundo W. S. Aguiar
Gil R. Santos
Eugênio E. Oliveira
GABA and Octopamine Receptors as Potential Targets for Fumigant Actions of <i>Bursera graveolens</i> Essential Oil Against <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> and <i>Callosobruchus chinensis</i>
Journal of Xenobiotics
<i>Callosobruchus</i> spp.
cowpea
weevils
eco-friendly
essential oils
GABA
title GABA and Octopamine Receptors as Potential Targets for Fumigant Actions of <i>Bursera graveolens</i> Essential Oil Against <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> and <i>Callosobruchus chinensis</i>
title_full GABA and Octopamine Receptors as Potential Targets for Fumigant Actions of <i>Bursera graveolens</i> Essential Oil Against <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> and <i>Callosobruchus chinensis</i>
title_fullStr GABA and Octopamine Receptors as Potential Targets for Fumigant Actions of <i>Bursera graveolens</i> Essential Oil Against <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> and <i>Callosobruchus chinensis</i>
title_full_unstemmed GABA and Octopamine Receptors as Potential Targets for Fumigant Actions of <i>Bursera graveolens</i> Essential Oil Against <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> and <i>Callosobruchus chinensis</i>
title_short GABA and Octopamine Receptors as Potential Targets for Fumigant Actions of <i>Bursera graveolens</i> Essential Oil Against <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> and <i>Callosobruchus chinensis</i>
title_sort gaba and octopamine receptors as potential targets for fumigant actions of i bursera graveolens i essential oil against i callosobruchus maculatus i and i callosobruchus chinensis i
topic <i>Callosobruchus</i> spp.
cowpea
weevils
eco-friendly
essential oils
GABA
url https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4713/15/3/91
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