Vegetation structure and phenology primarily shape the spatiotemporal pattern of ecosystem respiration

Abstract Accurate estimation of terrestrial ecosystem respiration (TER) is essential for refining global carbon budgets. Current large-scale TER models rely on empirical structures derived from site-scale observations, often driven solely by hydrothermal factors. However, incorporating ecosystem-sca...

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Main Authors: Cenliang Zhao, Wenquan Zhu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-03-01
Series:Communications Earth & Environment
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02240-1
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author Cenliang Zhao
Wenquan Zhu
author_facet Cenliang Zhao
Wenquan Zhu
author_sort Cenliang Zhao
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Accurate estimation of terrestrial ecosystem respiration (TER) is essential for refining global carbon budgets. Current large-scale TER models rely on empirical structures derived from site-scale observations, often driven solely by hydrothermal factors. However, incorporating ecosystem-scale information is critical for more accurate large-scale TER modeling. Such ecosystem-scale variables have not been well parameterized, since the mechanisms by which they affect TER remain unclear. To address this gap, here we developed a Causality constrained Interpretable Machine Learning model for TER estimation (named “CIML-TER”) which consider the ecosystem-scale information. CIML-TER exhibited higher estimation accuracy (reducing relative mean absolute error by approximately 15%) and overcame the “artificial discontinuities” phenomenon of traditional models. Meanwhile, we quantitatively revealed that although environmental factors, such as temperature and water, were still the dominant drivers of TER (contributing ~44.15% of global TER variability), biotic factors (e.g., vegetation structure, ~25.91%) and spatiotemporal variation factors (e.g., land cover and phenology, ~29.94%) were also critical.
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spelling doaj-art-315292cef0e94e4e9ebd3add69c8638c2025-08-20T01:54:30ZengNature PortfolioCommunications Earth & Environment2662-44352025-03-016111510.1038/s43247-025-02240-1Vegetation structure and phenology primarily shape the spatiotemporal pattern of ecosystem respirationCenliang Zhao0Wenquan Zhu1State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal UniversityState Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal UniversityAbstract Accurate estimation of terrestrial ecosystem respiration (TER) is essential for refining global carbon budgets. Current large-scale TER models rely on empirical structures derived from site-scale observations, often driven solely by hydrothermal factors. However, incorporating ecosystem-scale information is critical for more accurate large-scale TER modeling. Such ecosystem-scale variables have not been well parameterized, since the mechanisms by which they affect TER remain unclear. To address this gap, here we developed a Causality constrained Interpretable Machine Learning model for TER estimation (named “CIML-TER”) which consider the ecosystem-scale information. CIML-TER exhibited higher estimation accuracy (reducing relative mean absolute error by approximately 15%) and overcame the “artificial discontinuities” phenomenon of traditional models. Meanwhile, we quantitatively revealed that although environmental factors, such as temperature and water, were still the dominant drivers of TER (contributing ~44.15% of global TER variability), biotic factors (e.g., vegetation structure, ~25.91%) and spatiotemporal variation factors (e.g., land cover and phenology, ~29.94%) were also critical.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02240-1
spellingShingle Cenliang Zhao
Wenquan Zhu
Vegetation structure and phenology primarily shape the spatiotemporal pattern of ecosystem respiration
Communications Earth & Environment
title Vegetation structure and phenology primarily shape the spatiotemporal pattern of ecosystem respiration
title_full Vegetation structure and phenology primarily shape the spatiotemporal pattern of ecosystem respiration
title_fullStr Vegetation structure and phenology primarily shape the spatiotemporal pattern of ecosystem respiration
title_full_unstemmed Vegetation structure and phenology primarily shape the spatiotemporal pattern of ecosystem respiration
title_short Vegetation structure and phenology primarily shape the spatiotemporal pattern of ecosystem respiration
title_sort vegetation structure and phenology primarily shape the spatiotemporal pattern of ecosystem respiration
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02240-1
work_keys_str_mv AT cenliangzhao vegetationstructureandphenologyprimarilyshapethespatiotemporalpatternofecosystemrespiration
AT wenquanzhu vegetationstructureandphenologyprimarilyshapethespatiotemporalpatternofecosystemrespiration