Highly selective solid phase extraction of clonazepam from water using a urea modified MOF prior to HPLC analysis

Highly selective solid phase extraction of clonazepam from water using a urea modified MOF prior to HPLC analysis

Abstract The presence of pharmaceutical pollutants, such as clonazepam (CZP), in aquatic environments poses significant risks to ecosystems and human health. This study introduces a novel solid-phase extraction (SPE) method utilizing a urea-modified metal-organic framework (MIL-101(Fe)-Urea) for the...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Marzieh Sharifi-Rad, Asma Khoobi, Mostafa Khajeh, Massoud Kaykhaii, Ali Reza Oveisi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Subjects:
Metal-organic framework
Solid-phase extraction
Drug
Environmental monitoring
Post-synthetic modification
Benzodiazepines
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-07127-x
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Summary:Abstract The presence of pharmaceutical pollutants, such as clonazepam (CZP), in aquatic environments poses significant risks to ecosystems and human health. This study introduces a novel solid-phase extraction (SPE) method utilizing a urea-modified metal-organic framework (MIL-101(Fe)-Urea) for the selective preconcentration and quantification of CZP in environmental water samples, then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. The MIL-101(Fe)-Urea adsorbent was synthesized through a post-synthetic modification approach and characterized using FTIR, PXRD, SEM, BET, and EDX techniques. Key extraction parameters, including pH, adsorbent dosage, extraction/desorption times, and sample volume, were optimized to achieve maximum adsorption efficiency. Under optimal conditions, the method demonstrated excellent linearity (R2 = 0.997) within a concentration range of 20–1500 µg L−1, with a low detection limit (LOD = 0.030 µg L−1), high recovery rates (94.9–99.0%), and a relative standard deviation of 1.4%. The developed method was successfully applied to real environmental water samples, confirming its practicality for environmental monitoring. This study highlights the potential of MIL-101(Fe)-Urea as an advanced adsorbent for the analysis of pharmaceutical contaminants, contributing to the development of efficient and environmentally friendly analytical techniques for water quality assessment.
ISSN:2045-2322

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