An Ultra-Low-Power 0.8 V, 60 nW Temperature Sensor for Battery-Less Wireless Sensor Networks
This work presents a nano-watt digital output temperature sensor featuring a supply-insensitive, self-biased current source. Second-order temperature dependencies of the MOS diode are canceled to produce a stable reference and a linear temperature-sensitive voltage. The sensor integrates a sensing u...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9268/15/1/1 |
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| author | Naveed Jeff Dix |
| author_facet | Naveed Jeff Dix |
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| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This work presents a nano-watt digital output temperature sensor featuring a supply-insensitive, self-biased current source. Second-order temperature dependencies of the MOS diode are canceled to produce a stable reference and a linear temperature-sensitive voltage. The sensor integrates a sensing unit, voltage-controlled differential ring oscillators, and a low-power frequency-to-digital converter, utilizing a resistor-less design to minimize power and area. The delay element in the ring oscillator reduces stage count, improving noise performance and compactness. Fabricated in 65 nm CMOS, the sensor occupies 0.02 mm<sup>2</sup> and consumes 60 nW at 25 °C and 0.8 V. Measurements show an inaccuracy of +1.5/−1.6 °C from −20 °C to 120 °C after two-point calibration, with a resolution of 0.2 °C (rms) and a resolution FoM of 0.022 nJ·K<sup>−2</sup>. Consuming 0.55 nJ per conversion with a 9.2 ms conversion time, the sensor was tested in a battery-less wireless sensor node, demonstrating its suitability for wireless sensing systems. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-3147be039c784e2ea3a08a6f9d282f38 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2079-9268 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications |
| spelling | doaj-art-3147be039c784e2ea3a08a6f9d282f382025-08-20T02:11:26ZengMDPI AGJournal of Low Power Electronics and Applications2079-92682025-01-01151110.3390/jlpea15010001An Ultra-Low-Power 0.8 V, 60 nW Temperature Sensor for Battery-Less Wireless Sensor NetworksNaveed0Jeff Dix1Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USADepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USAThis work presents a nano-watt digital output temperature sensor featuring a supply-insensitive, self-biased current source. Second-order temperature dependencies of the MOS diode are canceled to produce a stable reference and a linear temperature-sensitive voltage. The sensor integrates a sensing unit, voltage-controlled differential ring oscillators, and a low-power frequency-to-digital converter, utilizing a resistor-less design to minimize power and area. The delay element in the ring oscillator reduces stage count, improving noise performance and compactness. Fabricated in 65 nm CMOS, the sensor occupies 0.02 mm<sup>2</sup> and consumes 60 nW at 25 °C and 0.8 V. Measurements show an inaccuracy of +1.5/−1.6 °C from −20 °C to 120 °C after two-point calibration, with a resolution of 0.2 °C (rms) and a resolution FoM of 0.022 nJ·K<sup>−2</sup>. Consuming 0.55 nJ per conversion with a 9.2 ms conversion time, the sensor was tested in a battery-less wireless sensor node, demonstrating its suitability for wireless sensing systems.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9268/15/1/1fully integratedfrequency-to-digitalnano-wattsubthresholdtemperature sensorultra-low-power |
| spellingShingle | Naveed Jeff Dix An Ultra-Low-Power 0.8 V, 60 nW Temperature Sensor for Battery-Less Wireless Sensor Networks Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications fully integrated frequency-to-digital nano-watt subthreshold temperature sensor ultra-low-power |
| title | An Ultra-Low-Power 0.8 V, 60 nW Temperature Sensor for Battery-Less Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_full | An Ultra-Low-Power 0.8 V, 60 nW Temperature Sensor for Battery-Less Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_fullStr | An Ultra-Low-Power 0.8 V, 60 nW Temperature Sensor for Battery-Less Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Ultra-Low-Power 0.8 V, 60 nW Temperature Sensor for Battery-Less Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_short | An Ultra-Low-Power 0.8 V, 60 nW Temperature Sensor for Battery-Less Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_sort | ultra low power 0 8 v 60 nw temperature sensor for battery less wireless sensor networks |
| topic | fully integrated frequency-to-digital nano-watt subthreshold temperature sensor ultra-low-power |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9268/15/1/1 |
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