The impact of the rotation rate on an aquaplanet's radiant energy budget: insights from experiments varying the Coriolis parameter
<p>We investigate the effect of changes in the Coriolis force caused by changes in the rotation rate on the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiant energy budget of an aquaplanet general circulation model with prescribed sea surface temperatures. We analyse the effective radiative forcing caused by ch...
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Copernicus Publications
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Weather and Climate Dynamics |
| Online Access: | https://wcd.copernicus.org/articles/6/489/2025/wcd-6-489-2025.pdf |
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| author | A. M. Gnanaraj J. Bao J. Bao H. Schmidt |
| author_facet | A. M. Gnanaraj J. Bao J. Bao H. Schmidt |
| author_sort | A. M. Gnanaraj |
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| description | <p>We investigate the effect of changes in the Coriolis force caused by changes in the rotation rate on the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiant energy budget of an aquaplanet general circulation model with prescribed sea surface temperatures. We analyse the effective radiative forcing caused by changes from Earth-like rotation to values between <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">32</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="27pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="cca158deca68a69136ded548e6608bd7"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="wcd-6-489-2025-ie00001.svg" width="27pt" height="14pt" src="wcd-6-489-2025-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> and 8 times the Earth's rotation rate. The forcing differs by about 60 <span class="inline-formula">W m<sup>−2</sup></span> between the fastest and slowest rotation cases, with a monotonically increasing positive forcing for faster-than-Earth-like rotations and a non-monotonically increasing negative forcing for slower rotations. The largest contributions to the forcing are due to changes in, in this order, the shortwave cloud radiative effect (SWCRE) and the clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). From the fastest to the slowest rotation, the Hadley cell expands and the troposphere becomes drier, increasing the OLR. This contributes to negative forcing at slower-than-Earth-like rotations and to positive forcing at faster-than-Earth-like rotations. The SWCRE is influenced by changes in the low-level cloudiness within the Hadley cell and the baroclinic regime. With the expansion of the Hadley cell, the area of enhanced tropospheric stability increases, resulting in more low-level clouds, a higher SWCRE, and increased negative forcing. The non-monotonicity results from an intermediate decrease in the SWCRE caused by the disappearance of baroclinic eddies as the Hadley cell reaches global extension. At rotations faster than Earth-like, the decrease in the SWCRE, mainly due to the weakening of baroclinic eddies and storm systems, leads to an increase in positive forcing. In summary, changes in the SWCRE, driven by different circulation responses at slower-than-Earth-like and faster-than-Earth-like rotations, strongly influence the TOA radiant energy budget. These effects, along with a substantial contribution from the clear-sky OLR, could impact the habitability of Earth-like rotating planets.</p> |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2698-4016 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
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| series | Weather and Climate Dynamics |
| spelling | doaj-art-30f62f262d51476cbc118ff221d2a3202025-08-20T02:24:38ZengCopernicus PublicationsWeather and Climate Dynamics2698-40162025-04-01648950310.5194/wcd-6-489-2025The impact of the rotation rate on an aquaplanet's radiant energy budget: insights from experiments varying the Coriolis parameterA. M. Gnanaraj0J. Bao1J. Bao2H. Schmidt3Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, GermanyInstitute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, AustriaMax Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany<p>We investigate the effect of changes in the Coriolis force caused by changes in the rotation rate on the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiant energy budget of an aquaplanet general circulation model with prescribed sea surface temperatures. We analyse the effective radiative forcing caused by changes from Earth-like rotation to values between <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">32</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="27pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="cca158deca68a69136ded548e6608bd7"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="wcd-6-489-2025-ie00001.svg" width="27pt" height="14pt" src="wcd-6-489-2025-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> and 8 times the Earth's rotation rate. The forcing differs by about 60 <span class="inline-formula">W m<sup>−2</sup></span> between the fastest and slowest rotation cases, with a monotonically increasing positive forcing for faster-than-Earth-like rotations and a non-monotonically increasing negative forcing for slower rotations. The largest contributions to the forcing are due to changes in, in this order, the shortwave cloud radiative effect (SWCRE) and the clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). From the fastest to the slowest rotation, the Hadley cell expands and the troposphere becomes drier, increasing the OLR. This contributes to negative forcing at slower-than-Earth-like rotations and to positive forcing at faster-than-Earth-like rotations. The SWCRE is influenced by changes in the low-level cloudiness within the Hadley cell and the baroclinic regime. With the expansion of the Hadley cell, the area of enhanced tropospheric stability increases, resulting in more low-level clouds, a higher SWCRE, and increased negative forcing. The non-monotonicity results from an intermediate decrease in the SWCRE caused by the disappearance of baroclinic eddies as the Hadley cell reaches global extension. At rotations faster than Earth-like, the decrease in the SWCRE, mainly due to the weakening of baroclinic eddies and storm systems, leads to an increase in positive forcing. In summary, changes in the SWCRE, driven by different circulation responses at slower-than-Earth-like and faster-than-Earth-like rotations, strongly influence the TOA radiant energy budget. These effects, along with a substantial contribution from the clear-sky OLR, could impact the habitability of Earth-like rotating planets.</p>https://wcd.copernicus.org/articles/6/489/2025/wcd-6-489-2025.pdf |
| spellingShingle | A. M. Gnanaraj J. Bao J. Bao H. Schmidt The impact of the rotation rate on an aquaplanet's radiant energy budget: insights from experiments varying the Coriolis parameter Weather and Climate Dynamics |
| title | The impact of the rotation rate on an aquaplanet's radiant energy budget: insights from experiments varying the Coriolis parameter |
| title_full | The impact of the rotation rate on an aquaplanet's radiant energy budget: insights from experiments varying the Coriolis parameter |
| title_fullStr | The impact of the rotation rate on an aquaplanet's radiant energy budget: insights from experiments varying the Coriolis parameter |
| title_full_unstemmed | The impact of the rotation rate on an aquaplanet's radiant energy budget: insights from experiments varying the Coriolis parameter |
| title_short | The impact of the rotation rate on an aquaplanet's radiant energy budget: insights from experiments varying the Coriolis parameter |
| title_sort | impact of the rotation rate on an aquaplanet s radiant energy budget insights from experiments varying the coriolis parameter |
| url | https://wcd.copernicus.org/articles/6/489/2025/wcd-6-489-2025.pdf |
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