ARIMA-Based Forecasting of Wastewater Flow Across Short to Long Time Horizons

Improving urban wastewater treatment efficiency and quality is urgent for most cities. The accurate wastewater flowrate forecast of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is crucial for cutting energy use and reducing pollution. In this study, two hybrid models are proposed: ARIMA–Markov and ARIMA–LSTM...

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Main Authors: Jiawen Ye, Xulai Meng, Haiying Wang, Qingdao Zhou, Siwei An, Tong An, Pooria Ghorbani Bam, Diego Rosso
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Mathematics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/13/2098
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author Jiawen Ye
Xulai Meng
Haiying Wang
Qingdao Zhou
Siwei An
Tong An
Pooria Ghorbani Bam
Diego Rosso
author_facet Jiawen Ye
Xulai Meng
Haiying Wang
Qingdao Zhou
Siwei An
Tong An
Pooria Ghorbani Bam
Diego Rosso
author_sort Jiawen Ye
collection DOAJ
description Improving urban wastewater treatment efficiency and quality is urgent for most cities. The accurate wastewater flowrate forecast of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is crucial for cutting energy use and reducing pollution. In this study, two hybrid models are proposed: ARIMA–Markov and ARIMA–LSTM–Transformer. Using 5 min-interval inlet flowrate data from a WWTP in 2024, the two models were verified and compared. Forecasts for 1 day, 7 days, and 2 months ahead were made, and model accuracies were compared. Ten repetitions with the same dataset assess stability, and ARIMA–LSTM–Transformer, with better performance, were selected. Then, the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, and Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA) were used for optimization, with the WOA excelling in accuracy and stability. Experimental results show that compared to the single model Transformer, WOA–ARIMA–LSTM–Transformer did better in forecasting wastewater flowrate. The combined model enables efficient and accurate wastewater flowrate forecasting, highlighting the combined model’s application potential.
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spelling doaj-art-30e81f4061fa4576b810165f9e2561ed2025-08-20T02:35:44ZengMDPI AGMathematics2227-73902025-06-011313209810.3390/math13132098ARIMA-Based Forecasting of Wastewater Flow Across Short to Long Time HorizonsJiawen Ye0Xulai Meng1Haiying Wang2Qingdao Zhou3Siwei An4Tong An5Pooria Ghorbani Bam6Diego Rosso7School of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, ChinaDepartment of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USADepartment of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USAImproving urban wastewater treatment efficiency and quality is urgent for most cities. The accurate wastewater flowrate forecast of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is crucial for cutting energy use and reducing pollution. In this study, two hybrid models are proposed: ARIMA–Markov and ARIMA–LSTM–Transformer. Using 5 min-interval inlet flowrate data from a WWTP in 2024, the two models were verified and compared. Forecasts for 1 day, 7 days, and 2 months ahead were made, and model accuracies were compared. Ten repetitions with the same dataset assess stability, and ARIMA–LSTM–Transformer, with better performance, were selected. Then, the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, and Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA) were used for optimization, with the WOA excelling in accuracy and stability. Experimental results show that compared to the single model Transformer, WOA–ARIMA–LSTM–Transformer did better in forecasting wastewater flowrate. The combined model enables efficient and accurate wastewater flowrate forecasting, highlighting the combined model’s application potential.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/13/2098autoregressive integrated moving averagelong short-term memoryMarkovTransformerwastewater flowrate forecastwastewater treatment plant
spellingShingle Jiawen Ye
Xulai Meng
Haiying Wang
Qingdao Zhou
Siwei An
Tong An
Pooria Ghorbani Bam
Diego Rosso
ARIMA-Based Forecasting of Wastewater Flow Across Short to Long Time Horizons
Mathematics
autoregressive integrated moving average
long short-term memory
Markov
Transformer
wastewater flowrate forecast
wastewater treatment plant
title ARIMA-Based Forecasting of Wastewater Flow Across Short to Long Time Horizons
title_full ARIMA-Based Forecasting of Wastewater Flow Across Short to Long Time Horizons
title_fullStr ARIMA-Based Forecasting of Wastewater Flow Across Short to Long Time Horizons
title_full_unstemmed ARIMA-Based Forecasting of Wastewater Flow Across Short to Long Time Horizons
title_short ARIMA-Based Forecasting of Wastewater Flow Across Short to Long Time Horizons
title_sort arima based forecasting of wastewater flow across short to long time horizons
topic autoregressive integrated moving average
long short-term memory
Markov
Transformer
wastewater flowrate forecast
wastewater treatment plant
url https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/13/2098
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