Patterns of Different Cervical Cytokine Expression in High-Risk Human Papillomavirus–Infected Patients With Cervical Cancer and Its Precancerous Lesions

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in Bangladesh and is primarily caused by persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection. Several risk factors, including immunological, genetic, environmental, and viral factors, may contribute to the development of cervical...

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Main Authors: Shamoli Saha, Sharmin Sultana, Raad Rahmat, Tahmina Akther, Ashrafun Nessa, Munira Jahan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SAGE Publishing 2025-03-01
Series:Clinical Medicine Insights: Oncology
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1177/11795549251316767
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author Shamoli Saha
Sharmin Sultana
Raad Rahmat
Tahmina Akther
Ashrafun Nessa
Munira Jahan
author_facet Shamoli Saha
Sharmin Sultana
Raad Rahmat
Tahmina Akther
Ashrafun Nessa
Munira Jahan
author_sort Shamoli Saha
collection DOAJ
description Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in Bangladesh and is primarily caused by persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection. Several risk factors, including immunological, genetic, environmental, and viral factors, may contribute to the development of cervical cancer. Moreover, a disruption in an otherwise delicate balance between immune response and cytokine production may lead to diseased states. Henceforth, this study aimed to determine and compare selected cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (INF-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10), GM-CSF, interleukin-8 (IL-8), and MCP-1 among HR-HPV-infected patients with cervical cancer, precancer individuals, and healthy participants to test the propensity of these cytokines to serve as predictive biomarkers for the detection of cervical cancer during its early stages. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on female patients visiting two referral hospitals in Bangladesh from September to November 2022. Among them, 80 women were enrolled in the study as patients with cervical cancer and precancerous lesions along with HPV DNA–negative healthy individuals. The selected cytokines in the cervical swab were estimated by flow cytometry. Result: Cervical cancer and precancer were primarily detected in patients aged above 40 years (73.3% and 46.7% of the patients in the respective groups). Other significant risk factors, including poor educational, socioeconomic status and nutritional conditions, age of first coitus, multiparity, and tobacco and betel nut consumption, were found significant for the development of cervical cancer and precancer ( P  < .05). The levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-8, and MCP-1 were substantially elevated in patients with cancer than in patients with precancer and healthy individuals ( P  < .001). Moreover, the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-8 were also significantly increased in patients with precancer than in healthy individuals ( P  < .05). Conclusions: Thus, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-8, and MCP-1 can be used as potential biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in HPV-induced cervical cancer and precancer.
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spelling doaj-art-308e004e76854a64b91fc447620d6c3e2025-08-20T02:41:45ZengSAGE PublishingClinical Medicine Insights: Oncology1179-55492025-03-011910.1177/11795549251316767Patterns of Different Cervical Cytokine Expression in High-Risk Human Papillomavirus–Infected Patients With Cervical Cancer and Its Precancerous LesionsShamoli Saha0Sharmin Sultana1Raad Rahmat2Tahmina Akther3Ashrafun Nessa4Munira Jahan5Department of Virology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BangladeshDepartment of Virology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BangladeshMTLS Program, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SwedenDepartment of Virology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BangladeshDepartment of Gynecological Oncology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BangladeshDepartment of Virology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, BangladeshBackground: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in Bangladesh and is primarily caused by persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection. Several risk factors, including immunological, genetic, environmental, and viral factors, may contribute to the development of cervical cancer. Moreover, a disruption in an otherwise delicate balance between immune response and cytokine production may lead to diseased states. Henceforth, this study aimed to determine and compare selected cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (INF-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10), GM-CSF, interleukin-8 (IL-8), and MCP-1 among HR-HPV-infected patients with cervical cancer, precancer individuals, and healthy participants to test the propensity of these cytokines to serve as predictive biomarkers for the detection of cervical cancer during its early stages. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on female patients visiting two referral hospitals in Bangladesh from September to November 2022. Among them, 80 women were enrolled in the study as patients with cervical cancer and precancerous lesions along with HPV DNA–negative healthy individuals. The selected cytokines in the cervical swab were estimated by flow cytometry. Result: Cervical cancer and precancer were primarily detected in patients aged above 40 years (73.3% and 46.7% of the patients in the respective groups). Other significant risk factors, including poor educational, socioeconomic status and nutritional conditions, age of first coitus, multiparity, and tobacco and betel nut consumption, were found significant for the development of cervical cancer and precancer ( P  < .05). The levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-8, and MCP-1 were substantially elevated in patients with cancer than in patients with precancer and healthy individuals ( P  < .001). Moreover, the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-8 were also significantly increased in patients with precancer than in healthy individuals ( P  < .05). Conclusions: Thus, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-8, and MCP-1 can be used as potential biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in HPV-induced cervical cancer and precancer.https://doi.org/10.1177/11795549251316767
spellingShingle Shamoli Saha
Sharmin Sultana
Raad Rahmat
Tahmina Akther
Ashrafun Nessa
Munira Jahan
Patterns of Different Cervical Cytokine Expression in High-Risk Human Papillomavirus–Infected Patients With Cervical Cancer and Its Precancerous Lesions
Clinical Medicine Insights: Oncology
title Patterns of Different Cervical Cytokine Expression in High-Risk Human Papillomavirus–Infected Patients With Cervical Cancer and Its Precancerous Lesions
title_full Patterns of Different Cervical Cytokine Expression in High-Risk Human Papillomavirus–Infected Patients With Cervical Cancer and Its Precancerous Lesions
title_fullStr Patterns of Different Cervical Cytokine Expression in High-Risk Human Papillomavirus–Infected Patients With Cervical Cancer and Its Precancerous Lesions
title_full_unstemmed Patterns of Different Cervical Cytokine Expression in High-Risk Human Papillomavirus–Infected Patients With Cervical Cancer and Its Precancerous Lesions
title_short Patterns of Different Cervical Cytokine Expression in High-Risk Human Papillomavirus–Infected Patients With Cervical Cancer and Its Precancerous Lesions
title_sort patterns of different cervical cytokine expression in high risk human papillomavirus infected patients with cervical cancer and its precancerous lesions
url https://doi.org/10.1177/11795549251316767
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