Associations between perceived stress and cortisol biomarkers in predominantly Latino adolescents

Abstract The relationship between cortisol and perceived stress is poorly understood. We sought to determine whether perceived stress is associated with cortisol biomarkers in adolescents. In a sample of 229 adolescents (mean age = 15.8 years) we measured perceived stress with the 14-item Perceived...

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Main Authors: Fatimata Sanogo, Avaion Ruth, Victoria K. Cortessis, Li Ding, Richard M. Watanabe, Marc J. Weigensberg
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-04-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95603-9
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author Fatimata Sanogo
Avaion Ruth
Victoria K. Cortessis
Li Ding
Richard M. Watanabe
Marc J. Weigensberg
author_facet Fatimata Sanogo
Avaion Ruth
Victoria K. Cortessis
Li Ding
Richard M. Watanabe
Marc J. Weigensberg
author_sort Fatimata Sanogo
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The relationship between cortisol and perceived stress is poorly understood. We sought to determine whether perceived stress is associated with cortisol biomarkers in adolescents. In a sample of 229 adolescents (mean age = 15.8 years) we measured perceived stress with the 14-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaire, serum cortisol (sCOR), salivary Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR: 30-minute post-awakening - awakening), salivary Diurnal Cortisol Slope (DCS: evening-awakening), and total daily salivary cortisol (TDC). Multivariable linear regression was used to estimate baseline associations between PSS, TDC, and sCOR Mixed effects linear regression was used to estimate baseline associations between PSS and CAR and DCS. A twelve-week longitudinal association between PSS and cortisol biomarkers using random effects regression was tested. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, and BMI. There were statistically significant associations between PSS and TDC (beta= -104.36 ± 34.3; p = 0.002) at baseline and between PSS and DCS at 12 weeks (beta= -0.058 ± 0.02; p = 0.01), but no association between PSS and sCOR or CAR (p > 0.26 for all) at baseline or 12-weeks. There were no associations between change in PSS and change in cortisol biomarkers longitudinally. In adolescents, perceived stress, measured by the PSS, was inconsistently associated with TDC and DCS, and consistently unassociated with CAR and sCOR. Studies reporting on PSS outcomes should exercise caution when making conclusions about cortisol biomarkers. There is a need for greater specificity of psychological stress to understand their relationship with biomarkers of stress.
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spelling doaj-art-3072cabb3d554e38918aa9102bb453922025-08-20T02:08:08ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-04-011511710.1038/s41598-025-95603-9Associations between perceived stress and cortisol biomarkers in predominantly Latino adolescentsFatimata Sanogo0Avaion Ruth1Victoria K. Cortessis2Li Ding3Richard M. Watanabe4Marc J. Weigensberg5Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USCDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USCDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USCDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USCDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USCKeck School of Medicine of USC, USC Diabetes and Obesity Research InstituteAbstract The relationship between cortisol and perceived stress is poorly understood. We sought to determine whether perceived stress is associated with cortisol biomarkers in adolescents. In a sample of 229 adolescents (mean age = 15.8 years) we measured perceived stress with the 14-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaire, serum cortisol (sCOR), salivary Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR: 30-minute post-awakening - awakening), salivary Diurnal Cortisol Slope (DCS: evening-awakening), and total daily salivary cortisol (TDC). Multivariable linear regression was used to estimate baseline associations between PSS, TDC, and sCOR Mixed effects linear regression was used to estimate baseline associations between PSS and CAR and DCS. A twelve-week longitudinal association between PSS and cortisol biomarkers using random effects regression was tested. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, and BMI. There were statistically significant associations between PSS and TDC (beta= -104.36 ± 34.3; p = 0.002) at baseline and between PSS and DCS at 12 weeks (beta= -0.058 ± 0.02; p = 0.01), but no association between PSS and sCOR or CAR (p > 0.26 for all) at baseline or 12-weeks. There were no associations between change in PSS and change in cortisol biomarkers longitudinally. In adolescents, perceived stress, measured by the PSS, was inconsistently associated with TDC and DCS, and consistently unassociated with CAR and sCOR. Studies reporting on PSS outcomes should exercise caution when making conclusions about cortisol biomarkers. There is a need for greater specificity of psychological stress to understand their relationship with biomarkers of stress.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95603-9Perceived stressSalivary cortisolSerum cortisol Latino adolescents
spellingShingle Fatimata Sanogo
Avaion Ruth
Victoria K. Cortessis
Li Ding
Richard M. Watanabe
Marc J. Weigensberg
Associations between perceived stress and cortisol biomarkers in predominantly Latino adolescents
Scientific Reports
Perceived stress
Salivary cortisol
Serum cortisol Latino adolescents
title Associations between perceived stress and cortisol biomarkers in predominantly Latino adolescents
title_full Associations between perceived stress and cortisol biomarkers in predominantly Latino adolescents
title_fullStr Associations between perceived stress and cortisol biomarkers in predominantly Latino adolescents
title_full_unstemmed Associations between perceived stress and cortisol biomarkers in predominantly Latino adolescents
title_short Associations between perceived stress and cortisol biomarkers in predominantly Latino adolescents
title_sort associations between perceived stress and cortisol biomarkers in predominantly latino adolescents
topic Perceived stress
Salivary cortisol
Serum cortisol Latino adolescents
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95603-9
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