Association between dietary inflammatory index and cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome risk: a cross-sectional study
Abstract Background Dietary inflammation has been linked to various diseases. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a tool used to assess the inflammatory potential of a diet. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the DII and the risk of developing cardiovascular–kidney–met...
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BMC
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Nutrition Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-025-01127-3 |
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| author | Chuanwei Zhao Mu Lin Yane Yang Haijie Yang Zhengqian Gao Zijie Yan Chunxin Liu Shumeng Yu Ying Zhang |
| author_facet | Chuanwei Zhao Mu Lin Yane Yang Haijie Yang Zhengqian Gao Zijie Yan Chunxin Liu Shumeng Yu Ying Zhang |
| author_sort | Chuanwei Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Dietary inflammation has been linked to various diseases. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a tool used to assess the inflammatory potential of a diet. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the DII and the risk of developing cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome (CKMS) in a U.S. population. Methods Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001 to 2020, which included 24,071 participants, were analyzed. CKMS was defined as the coexistence of cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The DII was calculated on the basis of the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory scores of foods and nutrients. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between the DII and the risk of developing CKMS. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression was conducted to test nonlinear relationships. Subgroup analyses were performed by sex, age, race, smoking status, and alcohol consumption status. Results After adjusting for confounders, compared with those of the lowest quartile of the DII, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for higher DII quartiles were 1.17 (0.93–1.47), 1.43 (1.13–1.81), and 1.76 (1.42–2.18), respectively. Each one-unit increase in the DII was associated with a 12% greater risk of developing CKMS (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: [1.08, 1.18]). RCS regression indicated a significant nonlinear positive association between the DII and the risk of developing CKMS. Conclusions This study revealed a nonlinear positive association between the DII and the risk of developing CKMS in the U.S. population. Further longitudinal studies are needed to establish causality and explore the underlying biological mechanisms involved. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1475-2891 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | Nutrition Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-2fc9be07b21d4fb78280e82d900a48e92025-08-20T03:10:07ZengBMCNutrition Journal1475-28912025-04-0124111110.1186/s12937-025-01127-3Association between dietary inflammatory index and cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome risk: a cross-sectional studyChuanwei Zhao0Mu Lin1Yane Yang2Haijie Yang3Zhengqian Gao4Zijie Yan5Chunxin Liu6Shumeng Yu7Ying Zhang8Department of Cardiology, The Second People’s Hospital of BaoshanDepartment of Cardiology, The Second People’s Hospital of BaoshanDepartment of Cardiology, The Second People’s Hospital of BaoshanDepartment of Cardiology, The Second People’s Hospital of BaoshanDepartment of Cardiology, The Second People’s Hospital of BaoshanDepartment of Cardiology, The Second People’s Hospital of BaoshanDepartment of Cardiology, The Second People’s Hospital of BaoshanDepartment of Cardiology, The Second People’s Hospital of BaoshanDepartment of Cardiology, The Second People’s Hospital of BaoshanAbstract Background Dietary inflammation has been linked to various diseases. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a tool used to assess the inflammatory potential of a diet. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the DII and the risk of developing cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome (CKMS) in a U.S. population. Methods Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001 to 2020, which included 24,071 participants, were analyzed. CKMS was defined as the coexistence of cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The DII was calculated on the basis of the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory scores of foods and nutrients. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between the DII and the risk of developing CKMS. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression was conducted to test nonlinear relationships. Subgroup analyses were performed by sex, age, race, smoking status, and alcohol consumption status. Results After adjusting for confounders, compared with those of the lowest quartile of the DII, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for higher DII quartiles were 1.17 (0.93–1.47), 1.43 (1.13–1.81), and 1.76 (1.42–2.18), respectively. Each one-unit increase in the DII was associated with a 12% greater risk of developing CKMS (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: [1.08, 1.18]). RCS regression indicated a significant nonlinear positive association between the DII and the risk of developing CKMS. Conclusions This study revealed a nonlinear positive association between the DII and the risk of developing CKMS in the U.S. population. Further longitudinal studies are needed to establish causality and explore the underlying biological mechanisms involved.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-025-01127-3Dietary inflammatory indexCardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndromeCross-sectional studyNHANES |
| spellingShingle | Chuanwei Zhao Mu Lin Yane Yang Haijie Yang Zhengqian Gao Zijie Yan Chunxin Liu Shumeng Yu Ying Zhang Association between dietary inflammatory index and cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome risk: a cross-sectional study Nutrition Journal Dietary inflammatory index Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome Cross-sectional study NHANES |
| title | Association between dietary inflammatory index and cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome risk: a cross-sectional study |
| title_full | Association between dietary inflammatory index and cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome risk: a cross-sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Association between dietary inflammatory index and cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome risk: a cross-sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Association between dietary inflammatory index and cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome risk: a cross-sectional study |
| title_short | Association between dietary inflammatory index and cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome risk: a cross-sectional study |
| title_sort | association between dietary inflammatory index and cardiovascular kidney metabolic syndrome risk a cross sectional study |
| topic | Dietary inflammatory index Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome Cross-sectional study NHANES |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-025-01127-3 |
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