Direct and indirect effects of smoking during pregnancy on child development: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Direct and indirect effects of smoking during pregnancy on child development: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Abstract Maternal smoking during pregnancy is known to have an adverse impact on child development. This study aimed to elucidate whether maternal smoking during pregnancy has a direct adverse effect on the child development or whether it exerts an indirect effect through birth weight reduction or c...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Nozomi Tatsuta, Kunihiko Nakai, Makiko Sekiyama, Yu Taniguchi, Miyuki Iwai-Shimada, Mai Takagi, Yayoi Kobayashi, Tomohiko Isobe, Shoji F. Nakayama, Shin Yamazaki, The Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Subjects:
Smoking during pregnancy
Child development
Direct effect
Indirect effect
Birth weight
Cadmium
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02684-7
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