Black emergency department visits for schizophrenia/psychosis following the police killing of George Floyd: An empirical test of “protest psychosis”
In the United States, there exists a large disparity in the diagnosis of schizophrenia between Black and White individuals. Some of the symptoms associated with schizophrenia, such as agitation, delusions, and non-compliance, were previously linked to a now-discontinued condition known as “Protest P...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-12-01
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| Series: | SSM - Mental Health |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666560324000471 |
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| author | Parvati Singh Geoffrey Carney-Knisely Kamesha S. Spates Marquianna Griffin Amy Fairchild Tim A. Bruckner |
| author_facet | Parvati Singh Geoffrey Carney-Knisely Kamesha S. Spates Marquianna Griffin Amy Fairchild Tim A. Bruckner |
| author_sort | Parvati Singh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the United States, there exists a large disparity in the diagnosis of schizophrenia between Black and White individuals. Some of the symptoms associated with schizophrenia, such as agitation, delusions, and non-compliance, were previously linked to a now-discontinued condition known as “Protest Psychosis.” This proposed subtype of schizophrenia diagnosis emerged during the 1950s and 1960s in response to racial tensions during the Civil Rights movement and preceded an increase in schizophrenia diagnosis among Black populations, potentially leading to racial disparities in this psychiatric condition that continue to permeate the modern context.In May 2020, the police killing of George Floyd sparked widespread protests through the Black Lives Matter Movement. Given the historical precedence of “protest psychosis” in response to the Civil Rights Movement, we examined disparities in Emergency Department (ED) visits diagnosed as schizophrenia/psychosis immediately following the police killing of George Floyd in May 2020. We used monthly data on ED visits from January 2016 to December 2020 across 5 University of California health systems. We used ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) time-series analysis to derive the residual values of ED visits diagnosed as schizophrenia/psychosis among Black persons and examined whether these residuals increased selectively among Black persons in June 2020. Results from time-series analyses indicate 34 additional ED visits above expected levels diagnosed as schizophrenia/psychosis among Black persons in June 2020 (p < 0.05), amounting to a 25% increase in these visits among Black persons. These results indicate a perpetuation of historical trends and cohere with expectations from the legacy of “Protest Psychosis”. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2f70e0b8dbe044199d029a9f00c5067e |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2666-5603 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | SSM - Mental Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-2f70e0b8dbe044199d029a9f00c5067e2025-08-20T02:50:09ZengElsevierSSM - Mental Health2666-56032024-12-01610034210.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100342Black emergency department visits for schizophrenia/psychosis following the police killing of George Floyd: An empirical test of “protest psychosis”Parvati Singh0Geoffrey Carney-Knisely1Kamesha S. Spates2Marquianna Griffin3Amy Fairchild4Tim A. Bruckner5Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, USA; Corresponding author.Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, USAAfricana Studies, University of Pittsburgh, USADepartment of Sociology, The Ohio State University, USACenter for Policy Research, Maxwell School of Citizenship & Public Affairs, Syracuse University, USADepartment of Health, Society, and Behavior, Center for Population, Inequality, and Policy, University of California, Irvine, USAIn the United States, there exists a large disparity in the diagnosis of schizophrenia between Black and White individuals. Some of the symptoms associated with schizophrenia, such as agitation, delusions, and non-compliance, were previously linked to a now-discontinued condition known as “Protest Psychosis.” This proposed subtype of schizophrenia diagnosis emerged during the 1950s and 1960s in response to racial tensions during the Civil Rights movement and preceded an increase in schizophrenia diagnosis among Black populations, potentially leading to racial disparities in this psychiatric condition that continue to permeate the modern context.In May 2020, the police killing of George Floyd sparked widespread protests through the Black Lives Matter Movement. Given the historical precedence of “protest psychosis” in response to the Civil Rights Movement, we examined disparities in Emergency Department (ED) visits diagnosed as schizophrenia/psychosis immediately following the police killing of George Floyd in May 2020. We used monthly data on ED visits from January 2016 to December 2020 across 5 University of California health systems. We used ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) time-series analysis to derive the residual values of ED visits diagnosed as schizophrenia/psychosis among Black persons and examined whether these residuals increased selectively among Black persons in June 2020. Results from time-series analyses indicate 34 additional ED visits above expected levels diagnosed as schizophrenia/psychosis among Black persons in June 2020 (p < 0.05), amounting to a 25% increase in these visits among Black persons. These results indicate a perpetuation of historical trends and cohere with expectations from the legacy of “Protest Psychosis”.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666560324000471George floydProtestsSchizophreniaPsychosisBlack mental healthPsychiatry |
| spellingShingle | Parvati Singh Geoffrey Carney-Knisely Kamesha S. Spates Marquianna Griffin Amy Fairchild Tim A. Bruckner Black emergency department visits for schizophrenia/psychosis following the police killing of George Floyd: An empirical test of “protest psychosis” SSM - Mental Health George floyd Protests Schizophrenia Psychosis Black mental health Psychiatry |
| title | Black emergency department visits for schizophrenia/psychosis following the police killing of George Floyd: An empirical test of “protest psychosis” |
| title_full | Black emergency department visits for schizophrenia/psychosis following the police killing of George Floyd: An empirical test of “protest psychosis” |
| title_fullStr | Black emergency department visits for schizophrenia/psychosis following the police killing of George Floyd: An empirical test of “protest psychosis” |
| title_full_unstemmed | Black emergency department visits for schizophrenia/psychosis following the police killing of George Floyd: An empirical test of “protest psychosis” |
| title_short | Black emergency department visits for schizophrenia/psychosis following the police killing of George Floyd: An empirical test of “protest psychosis” |
| title_sort | black emergency department visits for schizophrenia psychosis following the police killing of george floyd an empirical test of protest psychosis |
| topic | George floyd Protests Schizophrenia Psychosis Black mental health Psychiatry |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666560324000471 |
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