Socioeconomic Inequality in Chronic Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iran: Concentration Index and Decomposition Approach
Background: In Iran, evidence regarding the impact of socioeconomic (SES) inequality on the progression and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are sparse and needs growing body of research. SES is a complex construct and its impact on the health outcomes should be evaluated in an effi...
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Tehran University of Medical Sciences
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Journal of Biostatistics and Epidemiology |
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| Online Access: | https://jbe.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jbe/article/view/1492 |
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| author | Sedigheh Mafakheri Erfan Ayubi Shiva Borzouei Vajiheh Ramezani Doroh Salman Khazaei |
| author_facet | Sedigheh Mafakheri Erfan Ayubi Shiva Borzouei Vajiheh Ramezani Doroh Salman Khazaei |
| author_sort | Sedigheh Mafakheri |
| collection | DOAJ |
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Background: In Iran, evidence regarding the impact of socioeconomic (SES) inequality on the progression and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are sparse and needs growing body of research. SES is a complex construct and its impact on the health outcomes should be evaluated in an efficient and flexible way. The purpose of this study is to examine SES inequality in chronic complications among T2DM patients using methods of decomposing inequality.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included patients with T2DM receiving care at the diabetes clinic in Hamadan City, Iran, between April and September 2023. Demographic, SES, diabetic related factors were obtained from medical records and face-to-face interviews. A binary logistic regression model was utilized to investigate the relationship between diabetes complications and independent variables. The concentration index (CI) and decomposition approach were used to evaluate SES inequality and determine the contribution of each factor to inequality.
Results: A total of 530 patients (61.6% females and 54.9% less than 60 years) were included. In the study population, 22.3%, 9.5%, and 4.7% had retinopathy, kidney failure, and diabetic foot ulcers, respectively. The CI for retinopathy, kidney failure, and foot ulcers were [(CI: -0.273, p<0.001), (CI: -0.089, p<0.001), (CI: -0.122, p<0.001), respectively]. Factors with the greatest contribution to SES inequality for retinopathy were economic status (44.6%), duration of T2DM (24.5%), age (18.7%), and healthy lifestyle (12.5%), for kidney failure were economic status (33.8%), hypertension (22.5%), education level (21.3%), and HbA1c value (13.5%), and for foot ulcers were economic status (78.7%), duration of T2DM (33.6%), HbA1c value (17.2%) hypertension (7.4%).
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that SES inequality in chronic complications of T2DM with greatest contribution for economic status. It is recommended that policymakers and health professionals consider the main causes of SES inequality in the chronic complications of T2DM when developing health strategies.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2f6c95e6b0274874b2318da367a52220 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2383-4196 2383-420X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Tehran University of Medical Sciences |
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| series | Journal of Biostatistics and Epidemiology |
| spelling | doaj-art-2f6c95e6b0274874b2318da367a522202025-08-20T03:05:50ZengTehran University of Medical SciencesJournal of Biostatistics and Epidemiology2383-41962383-420X2025-02-0110310.18502/jbe.v10i3.17929Socioeconomic Inequality in Chronic Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iran: Concentration Index and Decomposition ApproachSedigheh Mafakheri0Erfan Ayubi1Shiva Borzouei2Vajiheh Ramezani Doroh3Salman Khazaei41. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IranCancer Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran4. Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran6. Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IranHamadan University of Medical Sciences Background: In Iran, evidence regarding the impact of socioeconomic (SES) inequality on the progression and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are sparse and needs growing body of research. SES is a complex construct and its impact on the health outcomes should be evaluated in an efficient and flexible way. The purpose of this study is to examine SES inequality in chronic complications among T2DM patients using methods of decomposing inequality. Methods: This cross-sectional study included patients with T2DM receiving care at the diabetes clinic in Hamadan City, Iran, between April and September 2023. Demographic, SES, diabetic related factors were obtained from medical records and face-to-face interviews. A binary logistic regression model was utilized to investigate the relationship between diabetes complications and independent variables. The concentration index (CI) and decomposition approach were used to evaluate SES inequality and determine the contribution of each factor to inequality. Results: A total of 530 patients (61.6% females and 54.9% less than 60 years) were included. In the study population, 22.3%, 9.5%, and 4.7% had retinopathy, kidney failure, and diabetic foot ulcers, respectively. The CI for retinopathy, kidney failure, and foot ulcers were [(CI: -0.273, p<0.001), (CI: -0.089, p<0.001), (CI: -0.122, p<0.001), respectively]. Factors with the greatest contribution to SES inequality for retinopathy were economic status (44.6%), duration of T2DM (24.5%), age (18.7%), and healthy lifestyle (12.5%), for kidney failure were economic status (33.8%), hypertension (22.5%), education level (21.3%), and HbA1c value (13.5%), and for foot ulcers were economic status (78.7%), duration of T2DM (33.6%), HbA1c value (17.2%) hypertension (7.4%). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that SES inequality in chronic complications of T2DM with greatest contribution for economic status. It is recommended that policymakers and health professionals consider the main causes of SES inequality in the chronic complications of T2DM when developing health strategies. https://jbe.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jbe/article/view/1492Concentration index;×Decomposition;×Diabetes;×Inequities;×Diabetes Complications;×Socioeconomic status× |
| spellingShingle | Sedigheh Mafakheri Erfan Ayubi Shiva Borzouei Vajiheh Ramezani Doroh Salman Khazaei Socioeconomic Inequality in Chronic Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iran: Concentration Index and Decomposition Approach Journal of Biostatistics and Epidemiology Concentration index;×Decomposition;×Diabetes;×Inequities;×Diabetes Complications;×Socioeconomic status× |
| title | Socioeconomic Inequality in Chronic Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iran: Concentration Index and Decomposition Approach |
| title_full | Socioeconomic Inequality in Chronic Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iran: Concentration Index and Decomposition Approach |
| title_fullStr | Socioeconomic Inequality in Chronic Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iran: Concentration Index and Decomposition Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Socioeconomic Inequality in Chronic Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iran: Concentration Index and Decomposition Approach |
| title_short | Socioeconomic Inequality in Chronic Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iran: Concentration Index and Decomposition Approach |
| title_sort | socioeconomic inequality in chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in iran concentration index and decomposition approach |
| topic | Concentration index;×Decomposition;×Diabetes;×Inequities;×Diabetes Complications;×Socioeconomic status× |
| url | https://jbe.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jbe/article/view/1492 |
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