Association Between Volatile Organic Compounds and Circadian Syndrome Among Pre- and Postmenopausal Women

Air pollution is closely associated with the development of multiple metabolic diseases. Circadian syndrome (CircS), as an extended concept of metabolic syndrome (MetS), has been proven to be a better predictor of metabolic diseases than MetS. However, the relationship between volatile organic compo...

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Main Authors: Xiaoya Sun, Zhenao Zhang, Jingyi Ren, Huanting Pei, Jie Liu, Bowen Yin, Chongyue Zhang, Rui Wen, Simeng Qiao, Ziyi Wang, Yuxia Ma
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Toxics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/5/328
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author Xiaoya Sun
Zhenao Zhang
Jingyi Ren
Huanting Pei
Jie Liu
Bowen Yin
Chongyue Zhang
Rui Wen
Simeng Qiao
Ziyi Wang
Yuxia Ma
author_facet Xiaoya Sun
Zhenao Zhang
Jingyi Ren
Huanting Pei
Jie Liu
Bowen Yin
Chongyue Zhang
Rui Wen
Simeng Qiao
Ziyi Wang
Yuxia Ma
author_sort Xiaoya Sun
collection DOAJ
description Air pollution is closely associated with the development of multiple metabolic diseases. Circadian syndrome (CircS), as an extended concept of metabolic syndrome (MetS), has been proven to be a better predictor of metabolic diseases than MetS. However, the relationship between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and CircS in pre- and postmenopausal women remains unclear. This study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2020, including 520 premenopausal women and 531 postmenopausal women. Generalized linear model (GLM), restricted cubic spline (RCS) model, subgroup analyses, and weighted quantile sum (WQS) model were used to assess the relationship between VOCs and CircS. In addition, sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness of the results. Our findings showed that seven VOC metabolites were positively associated with the risk of CircS in postmenopausal women. In premenopausal women, only two VOC metabolites were positively associated with the risk of CircS. The WQS analysis further confirmed that VOC mixtures selected by a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) were significantly associated with an increased risk of CircS in postmenopausal women, with HPMMA identified as the primary contributor to the combined effect. This association was not evident in premenopausal women. Meanwhile, in postmenopausal women, individual urinary VOC metabolites and VOC mixtures were observed to be positively associated with elevated glucose and short sleep. Our results highlighted that VOC exposure was strongly associated with the occurrence of CircS in postmenopausal women. Further research is needed to confirm this conclusion.
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series Toxics
spelling doaj-art-2f458885da294b138b455f0d4b529fd92025-08-20T03:12:15ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042025-04-0113532810.3390/toxics13050328Association Between Volatile Organic Compounds and Circadian Syndrome Among Pre- and Postmenopausal WomenXiaoya Sun0Zhenao Zhang1Jingyi Ren2Huanting Pei3Jie Liu4Bowen Yin5Chongyue Zhang6Rui Wen7Simeng Qiao8Ziyi Wang9Yuxia Ma10Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, ChinaHebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, ChinaHebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, ChinaHebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, ChinaHebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, ChinaHebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, ChinaHebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, ChinaHebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, ChinaHebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, ChinaHebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, ChinaHebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, ChinaAir pollution is closely associated with the development of multiple metabolic diseases. Circadian syndrome (CircS), as an extended concept of metabolic syndrome (MetS), has been proven to be a better predictor of metabolic diseases than MetS. However, the relationship between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and CircS in pre- and postmenopausal women remains unclear. This study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2020, including 520 premenopausal women and 531 postmenopausal women. Generalized linear model (GLM), restricted cubic spline (RCS) model, subgroup analyses, and weighted quantile sum (WQS) model were used to assess the relationship between VOCs and CircS. In addition, sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness of the results. Our findings showed that seven VOC metabolites were positively associated with the risk of CircS in postmenopausal women. In premenopausal women, only two VOC metabolites were positively associated with the risk of CircS. The WQS analysis further confirmed that VOC mixtures selected by a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) were significantly associated with an increased risk of CircS in postmenopausal women, with HPMMA identified as the primary contributor to the combined effect. This association was not evident in premenopausal women. Meanwhile, in postmenopausal women, individual urinary VOC metabolites and VOC mixtures were observed to be positively associated with elevated glucose and short sleep. Our results highlighted that VOC exposure was strongly associated with the occurrence of CircS in postmenopausal women. Further research is needed to confirm this conclusion.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/5/328volatile organic compoundscircadian syndromepremenopausalpostmenopausalNHANES
spellingShingle Xiaoya Sun
Zhenao Zhang
Jingyi Ren
Huanting Pei
Jie Liu
Bowen Yin
Chongyue Zhang
Rui Wen
Simeng Qiao
Ziyi Wang
Yuxia Ma
Association Between Volatile Organic Compounds and Circadian Syndrome Among Pre- and Postmenopausal Women
Toxics
volatile organic compounds
circadian syndrome
premenopausal
postmenopausal
NHANES
title Association Between Volatile Organic Compounds and Circadian Syndrome Among Pre- and Postmenopausal Women
title_full Association Between Volatile Organic Compounds and Circadian Syndrome Among Pre- and Postmenopausal Women
title_fullStr Association Between Volatile Organic Compounds and Circadian Syndrome Among Pre- and Postmenopausal Women
title_full_unstemmed Association Between Volatile Organic Compounds and Circadian Syndrome Among Pre- and Postmenopausal Women
title_short Association Between Volatile Organic Compounds and Circadian Syndrome Among Pre- and Postmenopausal Women
title_sort association between volatile organic compounds and circadian syndrome among pre and postmenopausal women
topic volatile organic compounds
circadian syndrome
premenopausal
postmenopausal
NHANES
url https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/5/328
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