A Comprehensive Equilibrium Analysis of Tartronate with Proton and Major Cations in Natural Fluids
This study presents a detailed thermodynamic investigation on the protonation behavior of tartronic acid in aqueous solutions of various ionic media, including sodium chloride, potassium chloride, tetramethylammonium chloride, and tetraethylammonium iodide. Specifically, potentiometric measurements...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/7/1497 |
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| author | Gabriele Lando Clemente Bretti Paola Cardiano Anna Irto Demetrio Milea Concetta De Stefano |
| author_facet | Gabriele Lando Clemente Bretti Paola Cardiano Anna Irto Demetrio Milea Concetta De Stefano |
| author_sort | Gabriele Lando |
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| description | This study presents a detailed thermodynamic investigation on the protonation behavior of tartronic acid in aqueous solutions of various ionic media, including sodium chloride, potassium chloride, tetramethylammonium chloride, and tetraethylammonium iodide. Specifically, potentiometric measurements were performed at temperatures ranging from 288.15 to 310.15 K and ionic strengths between 0.1 and 1.0 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> to determine stoichiometric protonation constants in different ionic media. The formation of weak complexes between tartronate and alkaline metal cations was obtained by means of the Δ<i>pK</i> method. Moreover, data were modeled using the Debye–Hückel equation and Specific Ion Interaction Theory (SIT), allowing for the calculation of standard thermodynamic parameters and the assessment of the dependence of protonation constants on ionic strength. Additionally, the protonation behavior of tartronic acid was compared with that of structurally related acids, such as malonic and mesoxalic acids, providing insights into the role of molecular structure in acid dissociation. The results emphasize the significant role of entropic contributions in the protonation process and provide a comprehensive model for the thermodynamic properties of tartronic acid across a wide range of experimental conditions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2f380ed84751442f934c987a4eaf11f5 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-2f380ed84751442f934c987a4eaf11f52025-08-20T03:06:35ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-03-01307149710.3390/molecules30071497A Comprehensive Equilibrium Analysis of Tartronate with Proton and Major Cations in Natural FluidsGabriele Lando0Clemente Bretti1Paola Cardiano2Anna Irto3Demetrio Milea4Concetta De Stefano5Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, I-98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, I-98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, I-98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, I-98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, I-98166 Messina, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, I-98166 Messina, ItalyThis study presents a detailed thermodynamic investigation on the protonation behavior of tartronic acid in aqueous solutions of various ionic media, including sodium chloride, potassium chloride, tetramethylammonium chloride, and tetraethylammonium iodide. Specifically, potentiometric measurements were performed at temperatures ranging from 288.15 to 310.15 K and ionic strengths between 0.1 and 1.0 mol dm<sup>−3</sup> to determine stoichiometric protonation constants in different ionic media. The formation of weak complexes between tartronate and alkaline metal cations was obtained by means of the Δ<i>pK</i> method. Moreover, data were modeled using the Debye–Hückel equation and Specific Ion Interaction Theory (SIT), allowing for the calculation of standard thermodynamic parameters and the assessment of the dependence of protonation constants on ionic strength. Additionally, the protonation behavior of tartronic acid was compared with that of structurally related acids, such as malonic and mesoxalic acids, providing insights into the role of molecular structure in acid dissociation. The results emphasize the significant role of entropic contributions in the protonation process and provide a comprehensive model for the thermodynamic properties of tartronic acid across a wide range of experimental conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/7/1497tartronic acidprotonation constantsionic strengththermodynamic modelingSpecific Ion Interaction Theory (SIT)weak complex formation |
| spellingShingle | Gabriele Lando Clemente Bretti Paola Cardiano Anna Irto Demetrio Milea Concetta De Stefano A Comprehensive Equilibrium Analysis of Tartronate with Proton and Major Cations in Natural Fluids Molecules tartronic acid protonation constants ionic strength thermodynamic modeling Specific Ion Interaction Theory (SIT) weak complex formation |
| title | A Comprehensive Equilibrium Analysis of Tartronate with Proton and Major Cations in Natural Fluids |
| title_full | A Comprehensive Equilibrium Analysis of Tartronate with Proton and Major Cations in Natural Fluids |
| title_fullStr | A Comprehensive Equilibrium Analysis of Tartronate with Proton and Major Cations in Natural Fluids |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Comprehensive Equilibrium Analysis of Tartronate with Proton and Major Cations in Natural Fluids |
| title_short | A Comprehensive Equilibrium Analysis of Tartronate with Proton and Major Cations in Natural Fluids |
| title_sort | comprehensive equilibrium analysis of tartronate with proton and major cations in natural fluids |
| topic | tartronic acid protonation constants ionic strength thermodynamic modeling Specific Ion Interaction Theory (SIT) weak complex formation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/7/1497 |
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