The end of the genetic paradigm of cancer.

Genome sequencing of cancer and normal tissues, alongside single-cell transcriptomics, continues to produce findings that challenge the idea that cancer is a 'genetic disease', as posited by the somatic mutation theory (SMT). In this prevailing paradigm, tumorigenesis is caused by cancer-d...

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Main Authors: Sui Huang, Ana M Soto, Carlos Sonnenschein
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2025-03-01
Series:PLoS Biology
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003052
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author Sui Huang
Ana M Soto
Carlos Sonnenschein
author_facet Sui Huang
Ana M Soto
Carlos Sonnenschein
author_sort Sui Huang
collection DOAJ
description Genome sequencing of cancer and normal tissues, alongside single-cell transcriptomics, continues to produce findings that challenge the idea that cancer is a 'genetic disease', as posited by the somatic mutation theory (SMT). In this prevailing paradigm, tumorigenesis is caused by cancer-driving somatic mutations and clonal expansion. However, results from tumor sequencing, motivated by the genetic paradigm itself, create apparent 'paradoxes' that are not conducive to a pure SMT. But beyond genetic causation, the new results lend credence to old ideas from organismal biology. To resolve inconsistencies between the genetic paradigm of cancer and biological reality, we must complement deep sequencing with deep thinking: embrace formal theory and historicity of biological entities, and (re)consider non-genetic plasticity of cells and tissues. In this Essay, we discuss the concepts of cell state dynamics and tissue fields that emerge from the collective action of genes and of cells in their morphogenetic context, respectively, and how they help explain inconsistencies in the data in the context of SMT.
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spelling doaj-art-2f36d295ee3c425189b8175b44f5d83c2025-08-20T02:22:59ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS Biology1544-91731545-78852025-03-01233e300305210.1371/journal.pbio.3003052The end of the genetic paradigm of cancer.Sui HuangAna M SotoCarlos SonnenscheinGenome sequencing of cancer and normal tissues, alongside single-cell transcriptomics, continues to produce findings that challenge the idea that cancer is a 'genetic disease', as posited by the somatic mutation theory (SMT). In this prevailing paradigm, tumorigenesis is caused by cancer-driving somatic mutations and clonal expansion. However, results from tumor sequencing, motivated by the genetic paradigm itself, create apparent 'paradoxes' that are not conducive to a pure SMT. But beyond genetic causation, the new results lend credence to old ideas from organismal biology. To resolve inconsistencies between the genetic paradigm of cancer and biological reality, we must complement deep sequencing with deep thinking: embrace formal theory and historicity of biological entities, and (re)consider non-genetic plasticity of cells and tissues. In this Essay, we discuss the concepts of cell state dynamics and tissue fields that emerge from the collective action of genes and of cells in their morphogenetic context, respectively, and how they help explain inconsistencies in the data in the context of SMT.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003052
spellingShingle Sui Huang
Ana M Soto
Carlos Sonnenschein
The end of the genetic paradigm of cancer.
PLoS Biology
title The end of the genetic paradigm of cancer.
title_full The end of the genetic paradigm of cancer.
title_fullStr The end of the genetic paradigm of cancer.
title_full_unstemmed The end of the genetic paradigm of cancer.
title_short The end of the genetic paradigm of cancer.
title_sort end of the genetic paradigm of cancer
url https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003052
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