Beyond planar: fish schools adopt ladder formations in 3D

Abstract The coordinated movement of fish schools has long captivated researchers studying animal collective behavior. Classical literature from Weihs and Lighthill suggests that fish schools should favor planar diamond formations to increase hydrodynamic efficiency, inspiring a large body of work r...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Hungtang Ko, Abigail Girma, Yangfan Zhang, Yu Pan, George Lauder, Radhika Nagpal
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-06-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06150-2
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