Periodontal Status and Herpesiviridae, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis of Systemically Compromised Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review
Background: Gingivitis and periodontitis are microbially associated diseases, with some features characteristic of pediatric age and others linked to systemic diseases. While the role of periodontal pathogenic bacteria is well recognized, the contribution of fungi and viruses, particularly <i>...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| author | Federica Di Spirito Massimo Pisano Maria Pia Di Palo Giuseppina De Benedetto Iman Rizki Gianluigi Franci Massimo Amato |
| author_facet | Federica Di Spirito Massimo Pisano Maria Pia Di Palo Giuseppina De Benedetto Iman Rizki Gianluigi Franci Massimo Amato |
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| description | Background: Gingivitis and periodontitis are microbially associated diseases, with some features characteristic of pediatric age and others linked to systemic diseases. While the role of periodontal pathogenic bacteria is well recognized, the contribution of fungi and viruses, particularly <i>Herpesviridae</i>, remains controversial. Studies in adults have highlighted the presence of <i>Herpesviridae</i>, but evidence in pediatric subjects, especially systemically compromised, is limited. This systematic review aimed to assess periodontal status (e.g., health, gingivitis, periodontitis, necrotizing gingivitis, and/or periodontitis) and the subgingival and/or salivary microbial (bacterial, viral, and fungal) profile in systemically compromised pediatric (≤18 years) subjects with gingivitis and/or periodontitis compared to clinical periodontal health. Methods: The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024597695) and followed the PRISMA statement. Data from eight studies were descriptively analyzed and qualitatively assessed through ROBINS-I and JBI tools. Results: CMV was frequently detected, particularly in necrotizing gingivitis (19.40%). EBV was found in necrotizing gingivitis (20.69%) and periodontitis (10.34%); HSV was mainly associated with gingivitis and necrotizing gingivitis. Bacteria species in periodontitis included <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>, <i>Tannerella forsythia</i>, <i>Fusobacterium</i>, and <i>Campylobacter</i> species. <i>Candida albicans</i> was detected in periodontitis, suggesting a fungal involvement in the disease’s pathogenesis. Although the bacterial and fungal profile was not investigated, limited viral presence was noted in subjects with healthy periodontium, indicating a stable microbiome. Conclusions: These findings underscore the dynamics of microbial interactions in the progression of periodontal disease in systemically compromised pediatric subjects. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2227-9067 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
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| series | Children |
| spelling | doaj-art-2ef1ae02b089466bb20f770a742ebd092025-08-20T02:11:04ZengMDPI AGChildren2227-90672025-03-0112337510.3390/children12030375Periodontal Status and Herpesiviridae, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis of Systemically Compromised Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic ReviewFederica Di Spirito0Massimo Pisano1Maria Pia Di Palo2Giuseppina De Benedetto3Iman Rizki4Gianluigi Franci5Massimo Amato6Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, ItalyBackground: Gingivitis and periodontitis are microbially associated diseases, with some features characteristic of pediatric age and others linked to systemic diseases. While the role of periodontal pathogenic bacteria is well recognized, the contribution of fungi and viruses, particularly <i>Herpesviridae</i>, remains controversial. Studies in adults have highlighted the presence of <i>Herpesviridae</i>, but evidence in pediatric subjects, especially systemically compromised, is limited. This systematic review aimed to assess periodontal status (e.g., health, gingivitis, periodontitis, necrotizing gingivitis, and/or periodontitis) and the subgingival and/or salivary microbial (bacterial, viral, and fungal) profile in systemically compromised pediatric (≤18 years) subjects with gingivitis and/or periodontitis compared to clinical periodontal health. Methods: The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024597695) and followed the PRISMA statement. Data from eight studies were descriptively analyzed and qualitatively assessed through ROBINS-I and JBI tools. Results: CMV was frequently detected, particularly in necrotizing gingivitis (19.40%). EBV was found in necrotizing gingivitis (20.69%) and periodontitis (10.34%); HSV was mainly associated with gingivitis and necrotizing gingivitis. Bacteria species in periodontitis included <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>, <i>Tannerella forsythia</i>, <i>Fusobacterium</i>, and <i>Campylobacter</i> species. <i>Candida albicans</i> was detected in periodontitis, suggesting a fungal involvement in the disease’s pathogenesis. Although the bacterial and fungal profile was not investigated, limited viral presence was noted in subjects with healthy periodontium, indicating a stable microbiome. Conclusions: These findings underscore the dynamics of microbial interactions in the progression of periodontal disease in systemically compromised pediatric subjects.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/3/375herpesviridaegingivitisperiodontitisaggressive periodontitismouthbacteria |
| spellingShingle | Federica Di Spirito Massimo Pisano Maria Pia Di Palo Giuseppina De Benedetto Iman Rizki Gianluigi Franci Massimo Amato Periodontal Status and Herpesiviridae, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis of Systemically Compromised Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review Children herpesviridae gingivitis periodontitis aggressive periodontitis mouth bacteria |
| title | Periodontal Status and Herpesiviridae, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis of Systemically Compromised Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review |
| title_full | Periodontal Status and Herpesiviridae, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis of Systemically Compromised Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review |
| title_fullStr | Periodontal Status and Herpesiviridae, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis of Systemically Compromised Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Periodontal Status and Herpesiviridae, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis of Systemically Compromised Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review |
| title_short | Periodontal Status and Herpesiviridae, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis of Systemically Compromised Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review |
| title_sort | periodontal status and herpesiviridae bacteria and fungi in gingivitis and periodontitis of systemically compromised pediatric subjects a systematic review |
| topic | herpesviridae gingivitis periodontitis aggressive periodontitis mouth bacteria |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/3/375 |
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