Modifying effects of vitamin D on associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study in Beijing, China
Epidemiology studies suggested that exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) might elevate the incidence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), but no study considered the modifying roles of vitamin D, an important nutrient related to GDM development. Thus, this study evaluated the mo...
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Elsevier
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Environment International |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412025003927 |
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| author | Feng Han Ziwei Pei Bing Lyu Xin Zhang Jian Zhang Jiaying Liu |
| author_facet | Feng Han Ziwei Pei Bing Lyu Xin Zhang Jian Zhang Jiaying Liu |
| author_sort | Feng Han |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Epidemiology studies suggested that exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) might elevate the incidence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), but no study considered the modifying roles of vitamin D, an important nutrient related to GDM development. Thus, this study evaluated the modifying effects of maternal vitamin D on correlations of PFAS exposure with GDM by conducting a cohort study in Beijing, China. We recruited 111 pregnant women who had either one or more high risk factors for GDM in Beijing, China, in 2022. Blood samples collected from pregnant women in 11–13 gestational weeks were analyzed to detect 19 PFAS and 25-hydroxy vitamin D. GDM was confirmed via the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). All subjects were classed as possessing sufficient, insufficient, or deficient vitamin D concentrations. Vitamin D deficiency status was observed to be a significant modifier for associations between GDM risk and PFAS exposure, as well as continuous glucose concentrations in an OGTT (interaction p-value < 0.05). For women with vitamin D deficiency, exposure to five long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates significantly elevated the GDM risk (p < 0.05), and the overall estimated risk ratio for GDM associated with 1 ng/mL increases in PFAS ranged from 3.750 to 8.097. The results suggested that adequate supplementation of vitamin D during early pregnancy could prevent the elevated risk of GDM caused by PFAS exposure. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2ee823af7b1648709c1c7e6e04bce8be |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0160-4120 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environment International |
| spelling | doaj-art-2ee823af7b1648709c1c7e6e04bce8be2025-08-20T03:24:29ZengElsevierEnvironment International0160-41202025-08-0120210964110.1016/j.envint.2025.109641Modifying effects of vitamin D on associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study in Beijing, ChinaFeng Han0Ziwei Pei1Bing Lyu2Xin Zhang3Jian Zhang4Jiaying Liu5National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, Beijing 100050, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, ChinaNHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, ChinaNHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, ChinaSchool of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Avenida Wailong, Macau 999078, ChinaNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, Beijing 100050, ChinaBeijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China; Corresponding author.Epidemiology studies suggested that exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) might elevate the incidence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), but no study considered the modifying roles of vitamin D, an important nutrient related to GDM development. Thus, this study evaluated the modifying effects of maternal vitamin D on correlations of PFAS exposure with GDM by conducting a cohort study in Beijing, China. We recruited 111 pregnant women who had either one or more high risk factors for GDM in Beijing, China, in 2022. Blood samples collected from pregnant women in 11–13 gestational weeks were analyzed to detect 19 PFAS and 25-hydroxy vitamin D. GDM was confirmed via the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). All subjects were classed as possessing sufficient, insufficient, or deficient vitamin D concentrations. Vitamin D deficiency status was observed to be a significant modifier for associations between GDM risk and PFAS exposure, as well as continuous glucose concentrations in an OGTT (interaction p-value < 0.05). For women with vitamin D deficiency, exposure to five long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates significantly elevated the GDM risk (p < 0.05), and the overall estimated risk ratio for GDM associated with 1 ng/mL increases in PFAS ranged from 3.750 to 8.097. The results suggested that adequate supplementation of vitamin D during early pregnancy could prevent the elevated risk of GDM caused by PFAS exposure.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412025003927Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substancesVitamin DGestational diabetes mellitusPregnant womenOral glucose tolerance test |
| spellingShingle | Feng Han Ziwei Pei Bing Lyu Xin Zhang Jian Zhang Jiaying Liu Modifying effects of vitamin D on associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study in Beijing, China Environment International Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances Vitamin D Gestational diabetes mellitus Pregnant women Oral glucose tolerance test |
| title | Modifying effects of vitamin D on associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study in Beijing, China |
| title_full | Modifying effects of vitamin D on associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study in Beijing, China |
| title_fullStr | Modifying effects of vitamin D on associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study in Beijing, China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modifying effects of vitamin D on associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study in Beijing, China |
| title_short | Modifying effects of vitamin D on associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study in Beijing, China |
| title_sort | modifying effects of vitamin d on associations between per and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus a prospective cohort study in beijing china |
| topic | Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances Vitamin D Gestational diabetes mellitus Pregnant women Oral glucose tolerance test |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412025003927 |
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