Psychosocial experiences of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a UK-wide study of prevalence rates and risk factors for clinically relevant depression and anxiety

Purpose: Whilst the antenatal period is well established as a period of increased vulnerability to mental health difficulties, restrictions resulting from COVID-19 lockdown in the UK are likely to have negatively affected psychosocial outcomes in these women.Materials and Methods: This study aimed t...

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Main Authors: Semra Worrall, Olivia Pike, Paul Christiansen, Leanne Jackson, Leonardo De Pascalis, Joanne A. Harrold, Victoria Fallon, Sergio A. Silverio
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
Series:Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology
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Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/0167482X.2025.2459619
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author Semra Worrall
Olivia Pike
Paul Christiansen
Leanne Jackson
Leonardo De Pascalis
Joanne A. Harrold
Victoria Fallon
Sergio A. Silverio
author_facet Semra Worrall
Olivia Pike
Paul Christiansen
Leanne Jackson
Leonardo De Pascalis
Joanne A. Harrold
Victoria Fallon
Sergio A. Silverio
author_sort Semra Worrall
collection DOAJ
description Purpose: Whilst the antenatal period is well established as a period of increased vulnerability to mental health difficulties, restrictions resulting from COVID-19 lockdown in the UK are likely to have negatively affected psychosocial outcomes in these women.Materials and Methods: This study aimed to describe prevalence rates of clinically relevant antenatal anxiety and depression, and explore whether psychosocial changes as a result of the pandemic were predictive of clinically relevant anxiety and depression. Antenatal women (N = 684) completed an online survey of psychosocial measures during the UK government’s initial lockdown restrictions.Results: Descriptive statistics indicate women experienced high levels of anxiety and depression and that changes resulting from restrictions were perceived negatively. Whilst 11.7% of women reported a current, clinical diagnosis of depression, 47.8% reported a score of ≥13 on the EPDS, indicating clinically relevant depression. Similarly, 18.7% of women reported a current, clinical diagnosis of anxiety, but 68.1% scored ≥40 on the STAI, indicating clinically relevant anxiety. After controlling for known demographic risk factors, only psychosocial change because of COVID-19 restrictions predicted clinically relevant anxiety (28%) and depression (27%).Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of considering antenatal women as a high-priority group, and ensuring antenatal care remains accessible and uninterrupted in any future crises.
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spelling doaj-art-2ecf5f65e58c4b8f8f1bbc86746a083b2025-08-20T03:48:14ZengTaylor & Francis GroupJournal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology0167-482X1743-89422025-12-0146110.1080/0167482X.2025.2459619Psychosocial experiences of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a UK-wide study of prevalence rates and risk factors for clinically relevant depression and anxietySemra Worrall0Olivia Pike1Paul Christiansen2Leanne Jackson3Leonardo De Pascalis4Joanne A. Harrold5Victoria Fallon6Sergio A. Silverio7Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UKDepartment of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UKDepartment of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UKDepartment of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UKDepartment of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UKDepartment of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UKDepartment of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UKDepartment of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UKPurpose: Whilst the antenatal period is well established as a period of increased vulnerability to mental health difficulties, restrictions resulting from COVID-19 lockdown in the UK are likely to have negatively affected psychosocial outcomes in these women.Materials and Methods: This study aimed to describe prevalence rates of clinically relevant antenatal anxiety and depression, and explore whether psychosocial changes as a result of the pandemic were predictive of clinically relevant anxiety and depression. Antenatal women (N = 684) completed an online survey of psychosocial measures during the UK government’s initial lockdown restrictions.Results: Descriptive statistics indicate women experienced high levels of anxiety and depression and that changes resulting from restrictions were perceived negatively. Whilst 11.7% of women reported a current, clinical diagnosis of depression, 47.8% reported a score of ≥13 on the EPDS, indicating clinically relevant depression. Similarly, 18.7% of women reported a current, clinical diagnosis of anxiety, but 68.1% scored ≥40 on the STAI, indicating clinically relevant anxiety. After controlling for known demographic risk factors, only psychosocial change because of COVID-19 restrictions predicted clinically relevant anxiety (28%) and depression (27%).Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of considering antenatal women as a high-priority group, and ensuring antenatal care remains accessible and uninterrupted in any future crises.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/0167482X.2025.2459619Maternal mental healthprenatal anxietyprenatal depressionpsychosocial experiencespandemic
spellingShingle Semra Worrall
Olivia Pike
Paul Christiansen
Leanne Jackson
Leonardo De Pascalis
Joanne A. Harrold
Victoria Fallon
Sergio A. Silverio
Psychosocial experiences of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a UK-wide study of prevalence rates and risk factors for clinically relevant depression and anxiety
Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology
Maternal mental health
prenatal anxiety
prenatal depression
psychosocial experiences
pandemic
title Psychosocial experiences of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a UK-wide study of prevalence rates and risk factors for clinically relevant depression and anxiety
title_full Psychosocial experiences of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a UK-wide study of prevalence rates and risk factors for clinically relevant depression and anxiety
title_fullStr Psychosocial experiences of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a UK-wide study of prevalence rates and risk factors for clinically relevant depression and anxiety
title_full_unstemmed Psychosocial experiences of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a UK-wide study of prevalence rates and risk factors for clinically relevant depression and anxiety
title_short Psychosocial experiences of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a UK-wide study of prevalence rates and risk factors for clinically relevant depression and anxiety
title_sort psychosocial experiences of pregnant women during the covid 19 pandemic a uk wide study of prevalence rates and risk factors for clinically relevant depression and anxiety
topic Maternal mental health
prenatal anxiety
prenatal depression
psychosocial experiences
pandemic
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/0167482X.2025.2459619
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