3D printed titanium TPMS for personalised tibial bone implant

Porous titanium scaffolds offer hope for reducing stress shielding and encouraging new bone growth, moving the field closer to personalised load bearing implants. This study explores four triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) tibial scaffolds informed by Gyroid (GSC), Lidinoid (LSC), Diamond (DSC),...

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Main Authors: Martin Appiah, Abul Arafat, Abhishek Gupta, Arun Arjunan, Ahmad Baroutaji, John Robinson, Chameekara T. Wanniarachchi, Manpreet Singh, Neil Ashwood, Aaron Vance
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-06-01
Series:Biomedical Engineering Advances
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667099225000222
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author Martin Appiah
Abul Arafat
Abhishek Gupta
Arun Arjunan
Ahmad Baroutaji
John Robinson
Chameekara T. Wanniarachchi
Manpreet Singh
Neil Ashwood
Aaron Vance
author_facet Martin Appiah
Abul Arafat
Abhishek Gupta
Arun Arjunan
Ahmad Baroutaji
John Robinson
Chameekara T. Wanniarachchi
Manpreet Singh
Neil Ashwood
Aaron Vance
author_sort Martin Appiah
collection DOAJ
description Porous titanium scaffolds offer hope for reducing stress shielding and encouraging new bone growth, moving the field closer to personalised load bearing implants. This study explores four triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) tibial scaffolds informed by Gyroid (GSC), Lidinoid (LSC), Diamond (DSC), and Schwartz Primitive (SSC) unit cells. These scaffolds were made using Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) 3D printing, with a targeted porosity of 60 % to closely match the mechanical behaviour of natural tibial bone. Mechanical testing of these scaffolds revealed an elastic modulus of 10.42 to 13.62 GPa and compressive strengths ranging from 209 to 393 MPa, meeting the requirements for load-bearing tibial implants. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, AHP and TOPSIS, were applied to evaluate the designs, considering four favourable factors of relative importance in the order porosity>yield strength>elastic modulus>ultimate strength. This analysis identified SSC scaffold featuring Schwartz Primitive architecture as the most promising candidate for load-bearing applications. The biological compatibility of these scaffolds was also found to be equally compelling. In vitro testing with U-2OS osteosarcoma cells confirmed high cell viability, underscoring the cytocompatibility of these TPMS designs and reinforcing their potential for biomedical applications. Together, these findings offer a path toward the use of titanium scaffolds in orthopaedics, setting the stage for further in vivo studies and a potential breakthrough in functional bone implant design.
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spelling doaj-art-2ecf44ac61014e4f80665e003748527a2025-08-20T02:07:40ZengElsevierBiomedical Engineering Advances2667-09922025-06-01910016610.1016/j.bea.2025.1001663D printed titanium TPMS for personalised tibial bone implantMartin Appiah0Abul Arafat1Abhishek Gupta2Arun Arjunan3Ahmad Baroutaji4John Robinson5Chameekara T. Wanniarachchi6Manpreet Singh7Neil Ashwood8Aaron Vance9Additive manufacturing Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, Telford Innovation Campus, Telford TF2 9NT, UKAdditive manufacturing Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, Telford Innovation Campus, Telford TF2 9NT, UKSchool of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UKAdditive manufacturing Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, Telford Innovation Campus, Telford TF2 9NT, UK; University hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby DE22 3NE, UK; Corresponding author.School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UKAdditive manufacturing Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, Telford Innovation Campus, Telford TF2 9NT, UK; Additive Analytics Ltd, Telford, UKAdditive manufacturing Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, Telford Innovation Campus, Telford TF2 9NT, UKAdditive manufacturing Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, Telford Innovation Campus, Telford TF2 9NT, UK; Elite Centre for Manufacturing Skills, University of Wolverhampton, Springfield Campus, WV10 0JP, UKUniversity hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby DE22 3NE, UKAdditive manufacturing Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, Telford Innovation Campus, Telford TF2 9NT, UK; University hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby DE22 3NE, UKPorous titanium scaffolds offer hope for reducing stress shielding and encouraging new bone growth, moving the field closer to personalised load bearing implants. This study explores four triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) tibial scaffolds informed by Gyroid (GSC), Lidinoid (LSC), Diamond (DSC), and Schwartz Primitive (SSC) unit cells. These scaffolds were made using Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) 3D printing, with a targeted porosity of 60 % to closely match the mechanical behaviour of natural tibial bone. Mechanical testing of these scaffolds revealed an elastic modulus of 10.42 to 13.62 GPa and compressive strengths ranging from 209 to 393 MPa, meeting the requirements for load-bearing tibial implants. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, AHP and TOPSIS, were applied to evaluate the designs, considering four favourable factors of relative importance in the order porosity>yield strength>elastic modulus>ultimate strength. This analysis identified SSC scaffold featuring Schwartz Primitive architecture as the most promising candidate for load-bearing applications. The biological compatibility of these scaffolds was also found to be equally compelling. In vitro testing with U-2OS osteosarcoma cells confirmed high cell viability, underscoring the cytocompatibility of these TPMS designs and reinforcing their potential for biomedical applications. Together, these findings offer a path toward the use of titanium scaffolds in orthopaedics, setting the stage for further in vivo studies and a potential breakthrough in functional bone implant design.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667099225000222L-PBFTPMSBone modellingCell viabilityAHP and TOPSIS
spellingShingle Martin Appiah
Abul Arafat
Abhishek Gupta
Arun Arjunan
Ahmad Baroutaji
John Robinson
Chameekara T. Wanniarachchi
Manpreet Singh
Neil Ashwood
Aaron Vance
3D printed titanium TPMS for personalised tibial bone implant
Biomedical Engineering Advances
L-PBF
TPMS
Bone modelling
Cell viability
AHP and TOPSIS
title 3D printed titanium TPMS for personalised tibial bone implant
title_full 3D printed titanium TPMS for personalised tibial bone implant
title_fullStr 3D printed titanium TPMS for personalised tibial bone implant
title_full_unstemmed 3D printed titanium TPMS for personalised tibial bone implant
title_short 3D printed titanium TPMS for personalised tibial bone implant
title_sort 3d printed titanium tpms for personalised tibial bone implant
topic L-PBF
TPMS
Bone modelling
Cell viability
AHP and TOPSIS
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667099225000222
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