Fairness Criteria in Multi-Agent Systems: Optimizing Autonomous Traffic Management Through the Hierarchical Stackelberg Strategy

As urban traffic density and congestion increase, effective urban traffic management becomes increasingly challenging, negatively impacting travel times and the overall efficiency of transportation systems. In this paper, a hierarchical Stackelberg model is presented to address both priority for eme...

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Main Authors: Atef Gharbi, Mohamed Ayari, Nadhir Ben Halima, Akil Elkamel, Zeineb Klai
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Applied Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/13/6997
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author Atef Gharbi
Mohamed Ayari
Nadhir Ben Halima
Akil Elkamel
Zeineb Klai
author_facet Atef Gharbi
Mohamed Ayari
Nadhir Ben Halima
Akil Elkamel
Zeineb Klai
author_sort Atef Gharbi
collection DOAJ
description As urban traffic density and congestion increase, effective urban traffic management becomes increasingly challenging, negatively impacting travel times and the overall efficiency of transportation systems. In this paper, a hierarchical Stackelberg model is presented to address both priority for emergency vehicles (EVs) and fairness for other vehicles. This model involves the Traffic Management Center (TMC) as the top-level authority, with emergency vehicles as the first-level leaders and regular vehicles (RVs) as the second-level followers. The multilevel decision-making structure enables real-time adjustments to prioritize critical traffic and ensure equitable treatment for regular traffic. Simulations were conducted under various traffic scenarios, including normal conditions, emergency vehicle priority, and peak traffic congestion. According to the results, the hierarchical Stackelberg model outperforms traditional models in terms of reducing average travel time, waiting time, and congestion. The model also incorporates fairness metrics such as Gini coefficients and skewness to ensure that regular vehicles are not disproportionately affected by emergency vehicle priority. According to these findings, the hierarchical Stackelberg model improves both traffic efficiency and fairness in complex urban environments, positioning it as a promising solution.
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institution Kabale University
issn 2076-3417
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publisher MDPI AG
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spelling doaj-art-2e2f467ad1ed4cb897535454820921ce2025-08-20T03:28:28ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-06-011513699710.3390/app15136997Fairness Criteria in Multi-Agent Systems: Optimizing Autonomous Traffic Management Through the Hierarchical Stackelberg StrategyAtef Gharbi0Mohamed Ayari1Nadhir Ben Halima2Akil Elkamel3Zeineb Klai4Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Information Technology, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Information Technology, Community College of Qatar, Doha 7344, QatarDepartment of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi ArabiaAs urban traffic density and congestion increase, effective urban traffic management becomes increasingly challenging, negatively impacting travel times and the overall efficiency of transportation systems. In this paper, a hierarchical Stackelberg model is presented to address both priority for emergency vehicles (EVs) and fairness for other vehicles. This model involves the Traffic Management Center (TMC) as the top-level authority, with emergency vehicles as the first-level leaders and regular vehicles (RVs) as the second-level followers. The multilevel decision-making structure enables real-time adjustments to prioritize critical traffic and ensure equitable treatment for regular traffic. Simulations were conducted under various traffic scenarios, including normal conditions, emergency vehicle priority, and peak traffic congestion. According to the results, the hierarchical Stackelberg model outperforms traditional models in terms of reducing average travel time, waiting time, and congestion. The model also incorporates fairness metrics such as Gini coefficients and skewness to ensure that regular vehicles are not disproportionately affected by emergency vehicle priority. According to these findings, the hierarchical Stackelberg model improves both traffic efficiency and fairness in complex urban environments, positioning it as a promising solution.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/13/6997hierarchical Stackelberg modelfairnessmulti-agent systemsOptimizing Autonomous Traffic Management
spellingShingle Atef Gharbi
Mohamed Ayari
Nadhir Ben Halima
Akil Elkamel
Zeineb Klai
Fairness Criteria in Multi-Agent Systems: Optimizing Autonomous Traffic Management Through the Hierarchical Stackelberg Strategy
Applied Sciences
hierarchical Stackelberg model
fairness
multi-agent systems
Optimizing Autonomous Traffic Management
title Fairness Criteria in Multi-Agent Systems: Optimizing Autonomous Traffic Management Through the Hierarchical Stackelberg Strategy
title_full Fairness Criteria in Multi-Agent Systems: Optimizing Autonomous Traffic Management Through the Hierarchical Stackelberg Strategy
title_fullStr Fairness Criteria in Multi-Agent Systems: Optimizing Autonomous Traffic Management Through the Hierarchical Stackelberg Strategy
title_full_unstemmed Fairness Criteria in Multi-Agent Systems: Optimizing Autonomous Traffic Management Through the Hierarchical Stackelberg Strategy
title_short Fairness Criteria in Multi-Agent Systems: Optimizing Autonomous Traffic Management Through the Hierarchical Stackelberg Strategy
title_sort fairness criteria in multi agent systems optimizing autonomous traffic management through the hierarchical stackelberg strategy
topic hierarchical Stackelberg model
fairness
multi-agent systems
Optimizing Autonomous Traffic Management
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/13/6997
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AT nadhirbenhalima fairnesscriteriainmultiagentsystemsoptimizingautonomoustrafficmanagementthroughthehierarchicalstackelbergstrategy
AT akilelkamel fairnesscriteriainmultiagentsystemsoptimizingautonomoustrafficmanagementthroughthehierarchicalstackelbergstrategy
AT zeinebklai fairnesscriteriainmultiagentsystemsoptimizingautonomoustrafficmanagementthroughthehierarchicalstackelbergstrategy