A two-layer nested game for an active energy community including shared energy storage and multiple prosumers under renewable portfolio standards
The renewable portfolio standards (RPS) offers a promising solution to the challenge of high-level penetration of renewable energy into the next-generation power grid. The shared energy storage (SES) has emerged as a crucial innovation that significantly aids prosumers in fulfilling RPS requirements...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-08-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061525002996 |
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| author | Yaxin Tan Weisheng Xu Zhiyu Xu Ruining Tong Yuanbo Zhang |
| author_facet | Yaxin Tan Weisheng Xu Zhiyu Xu Ruining Tong Yuanbo Zhang |
| author_sort | Yaxin Tan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The renewable portfolio standards (RPS) offers a promising solution to the challenge of high-level penetration of renewable energy into the next-generation power grid. The shared energy storage (SES) has emerged as a crucial innovation that significantly aids prosumers in fulfilling RPS requirements. This paper proposes a two-layer nested game model to capture the interactions between SES and prosumers in an active energy community, and with the external main grid, hydropower station, and wind farm. In the upper layer, a Stackelberg game model is established, in which SES acts as the leader maximizing profit by offering electricity prices, while the alliance of prosumers is the follower responding to the prices through demand response and peer-to-peer (P2P) energy exchange. In the lower layer, a cooperative game is constructed for the prosumer alliance, the contributions of individual prosumers are scored and the asymmetric Nash bargaining is utilized to fairly allocate the total expense within the prosumer alliance. The alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is adopted for privacy protection. A case study of a real active energy community in Southwest China demonstrates effectiveness and robustness of the proposed model under diverse conditions. The computational results also confirm the model achieves greater stability, reduces prosumers’ expenses, and mitigates the dependence on SES. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2e2c4ef4fbf846ed9646747177eb0d2e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0142-0615 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems |
| spelling | doaj-art-2e2c4ef4fbf846ed9646747177eb0d2e2025-08-20T03:47:20ZengElsevierInternational Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems0142-06152025-08-0116911074810.1016/j.ijepes.2025.110748A two-layer nested game for an active energy community including shared energy storage and multiple prosumers under renewable portfolio standardsYaxin Tan0Weisheng Xu1Zhiyu Xu2Ruining Tong3Yuanbo Zhang4College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, ChinaCollege of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China; Office of Informatization, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, ChinaCollege of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China; Sino-German Research Center on Intelligent Sciences and Technology (CDFIWT), Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China; Corresponding author.College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, ChinaCollege of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, ChinaThe renewable portfolio standards (RPS) offers a promising solution to the challenge of high-level penetration of renewable energy into the next-generation power grid. The shared energy storage (SES) has emerged as a crucial innovation that significantly aids prosumers in fulfilling RPS requirements. This paper proposes a two-layer nested game model to capture the interactions between SES and prosumers in an active energy community, and with the external main grid, hydropower station, and wind farm. In the upper layer, a Stackelberg game model is established, in which SES acts as the leader maximizing profit by offering electricity prices, while the alliance of prosumers is the follower responding to the prices through demand response and peer-to-peer (P2P) energy exchange. In the lower layer, a cooperative game is constructed for the prosumer alliance, the contributions of individual prosumers are scored and the asymmetric Nash bargaining is utilized to fairly allocate the total expense within the prosumer alliance. The alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is adopted for privacy protection. A case study of a real active energy community in Southwest China demonstrates effectiveness and robustness of the proposed model under diverse conditions. The computational results also confirm the model achieves greater stability, reduces prosumers’ expenses, and mitigates the dependence on SES.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061525002996Shared energy storage (SES)ProsumerNested gameAsymmetric Nash bargainingRenewable portfolio standards (RPS) |
| spellingShingle | Yaxin Tan Weisheng Xu Zhiyu Xu Ruining Tong Yuanbo Zhang A two-layer nested game for an active energy community including shared energy storage and multiple prosumers under renewable portfolio standards International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems Shared energy storage (SES) Prosumer Nested game Asymmetric Nash bargaining Renewable portfolio standards (RPS) |
| title | A two-layer nested game for an active energy community including shared energy storage and multiple prosumers under renewable portfolio standards |
| title_full | A two-layer nested game for an active energy community including shared energy storage and multiple prosumers under renewable portfolio standards |
| title_fullStr | A two-layer nested game for an active energy community including shared energy storage and multiple prosumers under renewable portfolio standards |
| title_full_unstemmed | A two-layer nested game for an active energy community including shared energy storage and multiple prosumers under renewable portfolio standards |
| title_short | A two-layer nested game for an active energy community including shared energy storage and multiple prosumers under renewable portfolio standards |
| title_sort | two layer nested game for an active energy community including shared energy storage and multiple prosumers under renewable portfolio standards |
| topic | Shared energy storage (SES) Prosumer Nested game Asymmetric Nash bargaining Renewable portfolio standards (RPS) |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061525002996 |
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