Linear self-acceptance and nonlinear social comparison: interacting influences on adolescent depression

Abstract Background This research builds on the understanding that low self-acceptance is an important feature of adolescent depression, and that social comparison is a critical factor in self-concept formation during adolescence. However, there are gaps in our understanding of their interactive eff...

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Main Authors: Qian-Nan Ruan, Guang-Hui Shen, Yu-Wei Wu, Dongwu Xu, Wen-Jing Yan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-05-01
Series:BMC Psychiatry
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06873-6
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author Qian-Nan Ruan
Guang-Hui Shen
Yu-Wei Wu
Dongwu Xu
Wen-Jing Yan
author_facet Qian-Nan Ruan
Guang-Hui Shen
Yu-Wei Wu
Dongwu Xu
Wen-Jing Yan
author_sort Qian-Nan Ruan
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background This research builds on the understanding that low self-acceptance is an important feature of adolescent depression, and that social comparison is a critical factor in self-concept formation during adolescence. However, there are gaps in our understanding of their interactive effects and the non-linear features between these factors in influencing adolescent depression. Aim The study attempts to test two main hypotheses: (1) increased levels of self-acceptance will correlate with reduced depressive symptoms and moderate the negative effects of social comparison on depression; and (2) the relationship between social comparison and depression will exhibit nonlinearity at different levels of self-acceptance. Method The study involved 243 adolescents undergoing psychiatric assessment, using dyadic polynomial regression analysis and response surface analysis. These methods were used to assess linearity or nonlinearity and interaction effects between self-acceptance, social comparison and depression. Results Significant findings included a strong negative correlation between self-acceptance and depression. Self-acceptance also showed a negative correlation with social comparison. Polynomial regression revealed a non-linear relationship between social comparison and depression, with moderate levels being beneficial but excessive levels being detrimental. The interaction effect suggested that high self-acceptance might buffer the negative effects of intense social comparison. Furthermore, response surface analysis revealed complex, non-linear interactions between these variables. Conclusions This study highlights the protective role of self-acceptance against depression and the complex, non-linear effects of social comparison. It highlights the importance of promoting self-acceptance and a balanced approach to social comparison in adolescent mental health interventions.
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spelling doaj-art-2e09d5de990d48da981828b3c770a5282025-08-20T01:51:38ZengBMCBMC Psychiatry1471-244X2025-05-0125111010.1186/s12888-025-06873-6Linear self-acceptance and nonlinear social comparison: interacting influences on adolescent depressionQian-Nan Ruan0Guang-Hui Shen1Yu-Wei Wu2Dongwu Xu3Wen-Jing Yan4Wenzhou Seventh People’s HospitalWenzhou Seventh People’s HospitalStudent Affairs Division, Wenzhou Business CollegeSchool of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical UniversityAffiliated Kangning Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Centre for Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical UniversityAbstract Background This research builds on the understanding that low self-acceptance is an important feature of adolescent depression, and that social comparison is a critical factor in self-concept formation during adolescence. However, there are gaps in our understanding of their interactive effects and the non-linear features between these factors in influencing adolescent depression. Aim The study attempts to test two main hypotheses: (1) increased levels of self-acceptance will correlate with reduced depressive symptoms and moderate the negative effects of social comparison on depression; and (2) the relationship between social comparison and depression will exhibit nonlinearity at different levels of self-acceptance. Method The study involved 243 adolescents undergoing psychiatric assessment, using dyadic polynomial regression analysis and response surface analysis. These methods were used to assess linearity or nonlinearity and interaction effects between self-acceptance, social comparison and depression. Results Significant findings included a strong negative correlation between self-acceptance and depression. Self-acceptance also showed a negative correlation with social comparison. Polynomial regression revealed a non-linear relationship between social comparison and depression, with moderate levels being beneficial but excessive levels being detrimental. The interaction effect suggested that high self-acceptance might buffer the negative effects of intense social comparison. Furthermore, response surface analysis revealed complex, non-linear interactions between these variables. Conclusions This study highlights the protective role of self-acceptance against depression and the complex, non-linear effects of social comparison. It highlights the importance of promoting self-acceptance and a balanced approach to social comparison in adolescent mental health interventions.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06873-6Adolescent depressionSelf-AcceptanceSocial comparisonPolynomial regression analysisResponse surface analysisNonlinearity
spellingShingle Qian-Nan Ruan
Guang-Hui Shen
Yu-Wei Wu
Dongwu Xu
Wen-Jing Yan
Linear self-acceptance and nonlinear social comparison: interacting influences on adolescent depression
BMC Psychiatry
Adolescent depression
Self-Acceptance
Social comparison
Polynomial regression analysis
Response surface analysis
Nonlinearity
title Linear self-acceptance and nonlinear social comparison: interacting influences on adolescent depression
title_full Linear self-acceptance and nonlinear social comparison: interacting influences on adolescent depression
title_fullStr Linear self-acceptance and nonlinear social comparison: interacting influences on adolescent depression
title_full_unstemmed Linear self-acceptance and nonlinear social comparison: interacting influences on adolescent depression
title_short Linear self-acceptance and nonlinear social comparison: interacting influences on adolescent depression
title_sort linear self acceptance and nonlinear social comparison interacting influences on adolescent depression
topic Adolescent depression
Self-Acceptance
Social comparison
Polynomial regression analysis
Response surface analysis
Nonlinearity
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06873-6
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AT yuweiwu linearselfacceptanceandnonlinearsocialcomparisoninteractinginfluencesonadolescentdepression
AT dongwuxu linearselfacceptanceandnonlinearsocialcomparisoninteractinginfluencesonadolescentdepression
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